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Yet, very little is known about how these fluctuations alter the structural nodes and information highways of the human brain. In a study of 30 naturally cycling women, we employed multidimensional diffusion and T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted imaging during three estimated menstrual cycle phases (menses, ovulation, and mid\u2010luteal) to investigate whether HPG\u2010axis hormone concentrations co\u2010fluctuate with alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure, cortical thickness (CT), and brain volume. Across the whole brain, 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were directly proportional to diffusion anisotropy (\u03bcFA; 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.145, highest density interval (HDI)\u2009=\u2009[0.211, 0.4]; LH: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.111, HDI\u2009=\u2009[0.157, 0.364]), while follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH) was directly proportional to CT (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090 .162, HDI\u2009=\u2009[0.115, 0.678]). Within several individual regions, FSH and progesterone demonstrated opposing relationships with mean diffusivity (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>iso<\/jats:sub>) and CT. These regions mainly reside within the temporal and occipital lobes, with functional implications for the limbic and visual systems. Finally, progesterone was associated with increased tissue (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.66, HDI\u2009=\u2009[0.607, 15.845]) and decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.749, HDI\u2009=\u2009[\u221211.604, \u22120.903]) volumes, with total brain volume remaining unchanged. These results are the first to report simultaneous brain\u2010wide changes in human WM microstructure and CT coinciding with menstrual cycle\u2010driven hormone rhythms. Effects were observed in both classically known HPG\u2010axis receptor\u2010dense regions (medial temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex) and in other regions located across frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes. Our results suggest that HPG\u2010axis hormone fluctuations may have significant structural impacts across the entire brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1721394020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Menstrual cycle\u2010driven hormone concentrations co\u2010fluctuate with white and gray matter architecture changes across the whole brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Rizor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0510-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Babenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"BIOPAC Systems, Inc  Goleta California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M.","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9760-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee","family":"Beverly\u2010Aylwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4361-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Stump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Herschenfeld\u2010Catalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily G.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott T.","family":"Grafton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","article-title":"Progesterone mediates brain functional connectivity changes during the menstrual cycle\u2014A pilot resting state MRI study","volume":"9","author":"Ar\u00e9lin K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Babenko V.(2023).Dynamic allostatic modulation during appraisal cognitive challenge and across the menstrual cycle (order no. 30246092). 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