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However, the resting\u2010state dynamic evolution of large\u2010scale functional brain networks following rTMS has rarely been investigated. Here, using resting\u2010state fMRI images collected from 23 healthy individuals before (baseline) and after 1\u2009Hz rTMS of the left frontal (FRO) and occipital (OCC) lobes, we examined the different effects of rTMS on brain dynamics across the human cortex. By fitting a pairwise maximum entropy model (pMEM), we constructed an energy landscape for the baseline and poststimulus conditions by fitting a pMEM. We defined dominant brain states (local minima) in the energy landscape with synergistic activation and deactivation patterns of large\u2010scale functional networks. We calculated state dynamics including appearance probability, transitions and duration. The results showed that 1\u2009Hz rTMS induced increased and decreased state probability, transitions and duration when delivered to the FRO and OCC targets, respectively. Most importantly, the shortest path and minimum cost between dominant brain states were altered after stimulation. The absolute sum of the costs from the source states to the destinations was lower after OCC stimulation than after FRO stimulation. In conclusion, our study characterized the dynamic trajectory of state transitions in the energy landscape and suggested that local rTMS can induce significant dynamic perturbation involving stimulated and distant functional networks, which aligns with the modern view of the dynamic and complex brain. Our results suggest low\u2010dimensional mapping of rTMS\u2010induced brain adaption, which will contribute to a broader and more effective application of rTMS in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T12:44:00Z","timestamp":1730119440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The alterations of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the energy landscape of resting\u2010state networks differ across the human cortex"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an Shaanxi P. 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