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However, the development of brain iron before birth is scarcely understood. By estimating R2* (1\/T2*) relaxometry from a sizable sample of fetal multiecho echo\u2010planar imaging (EPI) scans, which is the standard sequence for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), across gestation, this study investigates age and sex\u2010related changes in iron, across regions and tissue segments. Our findings reveal that brain R2* levels significantly increase throughout gestation spanning many different regions, except the frontal lobe. Furthermore, females exhibit a faster rate of R2* increase compared to males, in both gray matter and white matter. This sex effect is particularly notable within the left insula. This work represents the first MRI examination of iron accumulation and sex differences in developing fetal brains. This is also the first study to establish R2* estimation methodology in fetal multiecho functional MRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T06:25:09Z","timestamp":1737613509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Whole Brain <scp>MRI<\/scp> Assessment of Age and Sex\u2010Related <scp>R2<\/scp>* Changes in the Human Fetal Brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4509-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanxin","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bosi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amyn","family":"Majbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Trentacosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wayne State University  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moriah","family":"Thomason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27814"},{"issue":"365","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTS)","volume":"2","author":"Avants B. 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