{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:25:07Z","timestamp":1790317507472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB026299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB026299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT94252310149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH181061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH181061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post\u2010traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a debilitating neurological disorder that develops after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the high prevalence of PTE, current methods for predicting its occurrence remain limited. In this study, we aimed to identify imaging\u2010based markers for the prediction of PTE using machine learning. Specifically, we examined three imaging features: Lesion volumes, resting\u2010state fMRI\u2010based measures of functional connectivity, and amplitude of low\u2010frequency fluctuation (ALFF). We employed three machine\u2010learning methods, namely, kernel support vector machine (KSVM), random forest, and an artificial neural network (NN), to develop predictive models. Our results showed that the KSVM classifier, with all three feature types as input, achieved the best prediction accuracy of 0.78 AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve) using nested cross\u2010validation. Furthermore, we performed voxel\u2010wise and lobe\u2010wise group difference analyses to investigate the specific brain regions and features that the model found to be most helpful in distinguishing PTE from non\u2010PTE populations. Our statistical analysis uncovered significant differences in bilateral temporal lobes and cerebellum between PTE and non\u2010PTE groups. Overall, our findings demonstrate the complementary prognostic value of MR\u2010based markers in PTE prediction and provide new insights into the underlying structural and functional alterations associated with PTE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T12:29:23Z","timestamp":1732019363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prediction of Post Traumatic Epilepsy Using <scp>MR<\/scp>\u2010Based Imaging Markers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Haleh","family":"Akrami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christianne N.","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Irimia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Jerbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Psychology Department Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Mila, Quebec AI Research Center  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dileep","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Leahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand A.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akrami H. A.Irimia W.Cui A. A.Joshi andR. M.Leahy.2021.\u201cPrediction of Posttraumatic Epilepsy Using Machine Learning.\u201dIn Medical Imaging 2021: Biomedical Applications in Molecular Structural and Functional Imaging 11600 424\u2013430.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2580953"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akrami H. A. A.Joshi J.Li S.Ayd\u00f6re andR. M.Leahy.2020.\u201cBrain Lesion Detection Using a Robust Variational Autoencoder and Transfer Learning.\u201dIn2020 Ieee 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (Isbi) 786\u2013790.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI45749.2020.9098405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02577-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517\u20106161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Chen X. andE.Konukoglu.2018.\u201cUnsupervised Detection of Lesions in Brain Mri Using Constrained Adversarial Auto\u2010Encoders.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Cui W. H.Akrami G.Zhao A. A.Joshi andR. M.Leahy.2023.\u201cMeta Transfer of Self\u2010Supervised Knowledge: Foundation Model in Action for Post\u2010Traumatic Epilepsy Prediction.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200412000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.11.1611"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Pattern Classification","author":"Duda R. O.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712000835"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09926-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.036210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gullapalli R. P.2011.\u201cInvestigation of Prognostic Ability of Novel Imaging Markers for Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi).\u201dUSA: BALTIMORE UNIV MD.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA577060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21606-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200407000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S44625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"Joshi A. A. D.McCoy M.Chong et\u00a0al.2018.\u201cBFP: BrainSuite fMRI Pipeline.\u201dSingapore."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi A. A. D. W.Shattuck P. M.Thompson andR. M.Leahy.2005.\u201cA Framework for Registration Statistical Characterization and Classification of Cortically Constrained Functional Imaging Data.\u201dIn Biennial International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging 186\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1007\/11505730_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.901432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","unstructured":"Kingma D. P. andM.Welling.2013.\u201cAuto\u2010Encoding Variational Bayes.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1499-1654.2000.001540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W. H.He J.Lu B.Lv M.Li andZ.Jin.2009.Detection of Whole\u2010Brain Abnormalities in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Using Tensor\u2010Based Morphometry With DartelIn Mippr 2009: Medical Imaging Parallel Processing of Images and Optimization Techniques 7497.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.833128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X. N. C.Dvornek Y.Zhou J.Zhuang P.Ventola andJ. S.Duncan.2019.\u201cGraph Neural Network for Interpreting Task\u2010Fmri Biomarkers.\u201d","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32254-0_54"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6867"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","unstructured":"Panayiotopoulos C. P.2005.\u201cThe Epilepsies: Seizures Syndromes and Management.\u201dBladon Medical Publishing Oxfordshire (UK)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318078cfe7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199810030-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199746545.003.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00112-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52899-5.00025-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e8e6d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0308-303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","unstructured":"Rocca M. L. R.Garner K.Jann et\u00a0al.2019.\u201cMachine Learning of Multimodal MRI to Predict the Development of Epileptic Seizures After Traumatic Brain Injury.\u201dopenreview.net\/forum?id=Bye0tkLNcV."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90144-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0223-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(02)00054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2022.106861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16399-0_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287615"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000169965.08854.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/thy.10.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1992-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.4.416"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","unstructured":"Zhang J. K.\u2010K.Ma M.\u2010H.Er andV.Chong.2004.\u201cTumor Segmentation From Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Learning via One\u2010Class Support Vector Machine.\u201dIn International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology 207\u2013211."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-019-0718-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120748"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.037"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T09:18:34Z","timestamp":1734081514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.70075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.70075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.70075","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70075"}}