{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:10:04Z","timestamp":1787235004873,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EE1403E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EE1403E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non\u2010invasive brain stimulation technique used to modulates cortical brain activity. However, its effects on brain metabolites within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a crucial area targeted for brain stimulation in mental disorders, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether prefrontal tDCS over the left and right DLPFC modulates levels of key metabolites, including gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), glutamine\/glutamate (Glx),\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010acetylaspartate (NAA), near to the target region and to explore potential sex\u2010specific effects on these metabolite concentrations. A total of 41 healthy individuals (19 female, M_age\u2009=\u200925\u2009years, SD\u2009=\u20093.15) underwent either bifrontal active (2\u2009mA for 20\u2009min) or sham tDCS targeting the left (anode: F3) and right (cathode: F4) DLPFC within a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to monitor neurometabolic changes before, during, and after 40\u2009min of tDCS, with measurements of two 10\u2010min intervals during stimulation. A single voxel beneath F3 was used for metabolic quantification. Results showed a statistically significant increase in Glx levels under active tDCS compared to the sham condition, particularly during the second 10\u2010min window and persisting into the post\u2010stimulation phase. No significant changes were observed in other metabolites, but consistent sex differences were detected. Specifically, females showed lower levels of NAA and GABA under active tDCS compared to the sham condition, while no significant changes were observed in males. E\u2010field modeling showed no significant differences in field magnitudes between sexes, and the magnitude of the e\u2010fields did not correlate with changes in Glx levels between active and sham stimulation during the second interval or post\u2010stimulation. This study demonstrates that a single session of prefrontal tDCS significantly elevates Glx levels in the left DLPFC, with effects persisting post\u2010stimulation. However, the observed sex differences in the neurochemical response to tDCS were not linked to specific stimulation intervals or variations in e\u2010field magnitudes, highlighting the complexity of tDCS effects and the need for personalized neuromodulation strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T06:29:39Z","timestamp":1734416979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring the Effects of Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Metabolites: A Concurrent\n                    <scp>tDCS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>MRS<\/scp>\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0501-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem","family":"Vural","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM) University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Soldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Padberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berkhan","family":"Karsl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM) University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artyom","family":"Zinchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Goerigk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Soutschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mezger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Stoecklein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Bulubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"\u0160u\u0161njar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0244-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Keeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM) University Hospital LMU  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Munich Center for Neurosciences (MCN) Ludwig Maximilian University LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0079\u201017.2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"SPM12 Manual","volume":"2464","author":"Ashburner J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007833"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165\u20100173(99)00031\u20104"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of GABA in Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"64","author":"Chang L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ninp.2013.38224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741\u20107015\u201011\u2010126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"3561","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Guan H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8896791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010021\u201001525\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010018\u20105170\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Ten\u2010Twenty Electrode System of the International Federation","volume":"10","author":"Jasper H. H.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.01.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.097634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010020\u201001177\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.31.502214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010021\u201001297\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(79)90071\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222620"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010023\u201002247\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010017\u20100769\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010016\u20100674\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010021\u201001101\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20104522(94)90249\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.698"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524410.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2200046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.02.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110615"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.637863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21293-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432\u201008.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/51631"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.538333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925\u20104927(01)00109\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.07.001"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70097","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hbm.70097","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:19:08Z","timestamp":1772979548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.70097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.70097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.70097","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70097"}}