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However, little is known about how accurate metacognitive judgments are implemented in the brain. Here, we combine brain stimulation with functional neuroimaging to determine the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying the frontopolar cortex's (FPC) role in metacognition. Specifically, we evaluate two\u2010layer neural architectures positing that FPC enables metacognitive judgments by communicating with brain regions encoding first\u2010order decision difficulty. In support of two\u2010layer architectures of metacognition, we found that high\u2010intensity transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS; 4\u2009mA peak\u2010to\u2010peak) over FPC impaired metacognitive accuracy; at the neural level, this impairment was reflected by reduced coupling between FPC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), particularly during difficult metacognitive judgments. We also evaluated conceptual accounts assuming that metacognition relies on self\u2010directed mentalizing. However, we observed no influence of FPC tACS on mentalizing performance and only a weak overlap of the networks underlying metacognition and mentalizing. Together, our findings put the FPC at the center of a two\u2010layer architecture that enables accurate evaluations of cognitive processes, mainly via the FPC's connectivity with regions encoding first\u2010level task difficulty, with little contributions from mentalizing\u2010related processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T06:51:36Z","timestamp":1738133496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Frontopolar Cortex Interacts With Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Causally Guide Metacognition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Georgia E.","family":"Kapetaniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Moisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe N.","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Soutschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/CPSY_a_00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800795115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201031674\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D. 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