{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:58:54Z","timestamp":1791583134966,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/50\/E\/HS6\/00102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/50\/E\/HS6\/00102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies indicate that air pollutants not only increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases but also have a negative impact on the developing brain. Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) may lead to disruption of neural development by interfering with critical maturation processes. In this study, we assessed the impact of prenatal and early life PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure on diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) structural measures: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and fixel\u2010based analysis (FBA) on a population of 425 10\u2010 to 13\u2010year\u2010old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009116), a sensitive, at\u2010risk population, and typically developing children (TD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009309) from the NeuroSmog study. Unlike traditional voxel\u2010based methods, FBA allows identification of distinct fiber bundles within voxels. We show that early life exposure to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was associated with lower global FA and higher MD measures. However, despite having a large sample size and using state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art techniques, we found no significant fixel\u2010level associations. Notably, we found no evidence that individuals with ADHD are more susceptible to the effects of air pollution. Combined with other studies, our results suggest that dMRI measures are the brain outcomes most consistently affected by air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T10:31:22Z","timestamp":1758537082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Impact of Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution on the Brain: A Diffusion <scp>MRI<\/scp> Study in 10\u201313\u2010Year\u2010Old Children With and Without <scp>ADHD<\/scp> Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Social Sciences Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6138-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude J.","family":"Bajada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta  Msida Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yarema","family":"Mysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Domagalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain Research Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Imaging Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Baumbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"},{"name":"Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaczmarek\u2010Majer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Protection\u2010National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"},{"name":"Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Deg\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Protection\u2010National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skotak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Protection\u2010National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sitnik\u2010Warchulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Lipowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadetta","family":"Izydorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Grellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Environment and Human Health University of Exeter Medical School  Penryn UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iana","family":"Markevych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"},{"name":"Health and Quality of Life in a Green and Sustainable Environment, SRIPD Medical University of Plovdiv  Plovdiv Bulgaria"},{"name":"Environmental Health Division, Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv Medical University of Plovdiv  Plovdiv Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Szwed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Cracow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1994.1037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00505-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164759"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.102957"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-051921-020812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00576-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13467"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es400156t"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Dhollander T. andA.Connelly.2016.\u201cA Novel Iterative Approach to Reap the Benefits of Multi\u2010Tissue CSD From Just Single\u2010Shell (+b\u2009=\u20090) Diffusion MRI Data. Proc ISMRM.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Thijs\u2010Dhollander\/publication\/301766619_A_novel_iterative_approach_to_reap_the_benefits_of_multi\u2010tissue_CSD_from_just_single\u2010shell_b0_diffusion_MRI_data\/links\/5726b0e608aee491cb3f111d\/A\u2010novel\u2010iterative\u2010approach\u2010to\u2010reap\u2010the\u2010benefits\u2010of\u2010multi\u2010tissue\u2010CSD\u2010from\u2010just\u2010single\u2010shell\u2010b0\u2010diffusion\u2010MRI\u2010data.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"555","volume-title":"International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","author":"Dhollander T.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.799576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08339-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2013-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01450-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119828"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2010.5490100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00065-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2022.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.09.006"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0465-23.2023","article-title":"Gray and White Matter Metrics Demonstrate Distinct and Complementary Prediction of Differences in Cognitive Performance in Children: Findings From ABCD (N\u2009=\u200911,876)","volume":"44","author":"Michel L. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13818"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02557-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.467","article-title":"Airborne Copper Exposure in School Environments Associated With Poorer Motor Performance and Altered Basal Ganglia","volume":"6","author":"Pujol J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106696"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","article-title":"Long Term Exposure to Low Level Air Pollution and Mortality in Eight European Cohorts Within the ELAPSE Project: Pooled Analysis","volume":"374","author":"Strak M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001792"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szwed M. A. V.deJesus B.Kossowski andH.Ahmadi.2024.\u201cAir Pollution and Cortical Myelin T1w\/T2w Ratio Estimates in School\u2010Age Children From the abcd and Neurosmog Studies.\u201dPapers.Ssrn.Com.https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4942860.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4942860"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01380-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2024 January.\u201cWHO Ambient Air Quality Database (Update Jan 2024) (6th ed. V6.1) [Technical document].\u201d WHO.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who\u2010ambient\u2010air\u2010quality\u2010database\u2010%28update\u2010jan\u20102024%29."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01783\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.616132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2023.0072"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:16:53Z","timestamp":1760404613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.70306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.70306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.70306","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70306"}}