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Unfortunately, very little research has been devoted to segmenting the pineal gland, and existing methods for pituitary segmentation focus only on the entire gland without distinguishing between its two lobes. To fill this gap, this work presents the first deep\u2010learning\u2010based tool for segmentation of both the pineal and pituitary glands in T1\u2010weighted MRI. A five\u2010fold cross\u2010validation study was conducted on a manually labeled training dataset and produced segmentations with accuracy comparable to similar methods for segmenting other small brain structures. Model performance was then tested in three publicly available datasets using a total of\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009816 subjects, the results of which were both highly reproducible and robust to differences in MRI scanners and acquisition protocols. Finally, an analysis was performed to identify group differences related to sex and the diagnosis of schizophrenia and showed that volumes measured from the output segmentations were effective at discerning sex\u2010 and disease case\u2010related differences in the pituitary and pineal glands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1761219055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automated Segmentation of the Pituitary and Pineal Glands"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean C.","family":"Augustinack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devani","family":"Shahzade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Rapalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Fischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas N.","family":"Greve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/123412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Tumors of the Pituitary Gland","author":"Asa S. 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