{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:34:43Z","timestamp":1790886883737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT173387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT173387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT190220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT190220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Enlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) are imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) that are associated with age, disease phenotypes, and overall health. Quantification of PVS is challenging but necessary to expand an understanding of their role in cerebrovascular pathology. Accurate and automated segmentation of PVS on T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010weighted images would be valuable given the widespread use of T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010weighted imaging protocols in multisite clinical and research datasets. We introduce segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n , a convolutional neural network (CNN)\u2010based tool for automated PVS segmentation on T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010weighted images. segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n was developed using a novel hierarchical approach that builds on existing tools and incorporates robust training strategies to enhance the accuracy and consistency of PVS segmentation. Performance was evaluated using a comprehensive evaluation strategy that included comparison to existing benchmark methods, ablation\u2010based validation, accuracy validation against manual ground truth annotations, correlation with age\u2010related PVS burden as a biological benchmark, and extensive robustness testing. segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n achieved strong object\u2010level performance for basal ganglia PVS (DSC\u2009=\u20090.78), exhibiting both high sensitivity (SNS\u2009=\u20090.80) and precision (PRC\u2009=\u20090.78). Although voxel\u2010level precision was lower (PRC\u2009=\u20090.57), manual correction improved this by only ~3%, indicating that the additional voxels reflected primary boundary\u2010 or extent\u2010related differences rather than correctable false positive error. For non\u2010basal ganglia PVS, segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n outperformed benchmark methods, exhibiting higher voxel\u2010level performance across several metrics (DSC\u2009=\u20090.60, SNS\u2009=\u20090.67, PRC\u2009=\u20090.57, NSD\u2009=\u20090.77), despite overall lower performance relative to basal ganglia PVS. Additionally, the association between age and segmentation\u2010derived measures of PVS burden was consistently stronger and more reliable for segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n compared to benchmark methods across three cohorts (test6, ADNI, CAHHM), providing further evidence of the accuracy and consistency of its segmentation output. segcsvd\n PVS<\/jats:sub>\n demonstrates robust performance across diverse imaging conditions and improved sensitivity to biologically meaningful associations, supporting its utility as a T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010based PVS segmentation tool.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:18:12Z","timestamp":1770297492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\n segcsvd\n PVS<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n : A Convolutional Neural Network\u2010Based Tool for Quantification of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces (\n PVS<\/scp>\n ) on\n \n T\n 1<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n \u2010Weighted Images"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren Abby","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Berberian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Ottoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J. M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Yhap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Duarte","family":"Coello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Centre at the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2771-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Valdes Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Centre at the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network's Krembil Brain Institute, Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Rossy PSP Centre, Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela M.","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network's Krembil Brain Institute, Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Rossy PSP Centre, Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm A.","family":"Binns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics Dalla Lana School of Public Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Masellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navneet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley J.","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Wardlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Centre at the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ONDRI Investigators, ADNI, CAHHM Investigators, CAIN Investigators, colleagues from the Foundation Leducq Transatlantic Network of Excellence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S. P.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5880-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged","family":"Goubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SB Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201019781\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216399120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2021.641600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Cardoso M. J. W.Li R.Brown et\u00a0al.2022.\u201cMONAI: An Open\u2010Source Framework for Deep Learning in Healthcare.\u201d arXiv:2211.02701 [cs.LG]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2023.110039"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0261-2","article-title":"U\u2010Net: Deep Learning for Cell Counting, Detection, and Morphometry","volume":"16","author":"Falk T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056195","article-title":"Multiscale Vessel Enhancement Filtering. Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention","volume":"1496","author":"Frangi A. F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"MICCAI'98 Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010020\u201001008\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010023\u201002151\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000348"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5201\/ipol.2017.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021\u2010021\u201009510\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.56205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1021311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Sinclair B. L.Vivash J.Moses et\u00a0al.2024.\u201cPerivascular Space Identification Nnunet for Generalised Usage (PINGU).\u201darXiv Preprint.https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.08337."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010020\u20100312\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(19)30079\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"822","article-title":"STandards for ReportIng Vascular Changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE v1)","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw J. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120685"}],"container-title":["Human Brain Mapping"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70462","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hbm.70462","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hbm.70462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:53:37Z","timestamp":1770710017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbm.70462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hbm.70462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.70462","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-9471","1097-0193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-9471","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70462"}}