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The noninvasive quantification of axon diameter not only enables the exploration of axonal damage in a wide range of neurological disorders but also provides fundamental insights into axonal organization and conduction patterns of white matter tracts. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of axon diameter mapping to small diameter axons using the next\u2010generation Connectome MRI scanner (Connectome 2.0), which features a maximum gradient strength of 500 mT\/m and slew rate of 600\u2009T\/m\/s, compared to the original Connectome 1.0 scanner with 300 mT\/m gradient strength. We applied the AxCaliber\u2010SMT model to diffusion MRI data from 40 healthy adults, comprising 20 participants scanned on Connectome 1.0 before it was decommissioned and a separate cohort of 20 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched participants scanned on Connectome 2.0. Our findings are based on group\u2010level comparisons between these two cohorts. The theoretical minimum detectable axon diameter was 2.5\u2009\u03bcm on Connectome 2.0 and 3.6\u2009\u03bcm on Connectome 1.0. The MR\u2010estimated axon diameter in the corticospinal tract on the Connectome 2.0 scanner was 2.66\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54\u2009\u03bcm, significantly lower than 3.35\u2009\u00b1\u20091.00\u2009\u03bcm on Connectome 1.0 (Welch's t\u2010test:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0110). Comparison was performed across independently acquired datasets from age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched individuals on different scanners; therefore, the observed group differences should be interpreted as strong and supportive, though not strictly causal, evidence of the proposed scanner capability. Furthermore, we examined 7 healthy adults for scan\u2010rescan repeatability and demonstrated that the voxel\u2010wise mean absolute difference in axon diameter estimates between scan and rescan decreased to 0.29\u2009\u03bcm on the Connectome 2.0 (vs. 0.65\u2009\u03bcm on the Connectome 1.0), indicating improved repeatability of the axon diameter estimates. These improvements are enabled not only by the higher gradient strength of Connectome 2.0, but also by the associated reduction in echo time and increase in SNR, which together enhance sensitivity to restricted diffusion and improve parameter reliability. Our findings highlight the importance of stronger and faster gradients for accurate and robust mapping of the axonal microstructure in the human brain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:50:12Z","timestamp":1780570212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Axon Diameter Mapping in the Living Human Brain with Ultra\u2010High\u2010Gradient Diffusion\n                    <scp>MRI<\/scp>\n                    at 500\n                    <scp>mT<\/scp>\n                    \/m Gradient Strength"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Yixin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. 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