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One such adjustment is post\u2010error slowing (PES), the tendency to respond more slowly after an error. In adults, PES has been associated with regions implicated in error processing, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insula. The prolonged maturation of these regions is thought to contribute to less efficient error processing in children and PES compared to adults. Additionally, while some errors may be immediately corrected, resulting in isolated errors, others may require multiple correction attempts, resulting in consecutive errors. Compared to adults, children may need more attempts to correct their errors due to the ongoing neurodevelopment of error processing. We investigated age differences in error types and in PES between children (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009159, 8\u201311\u2009years) and adults (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940, 20\u201330\u2009years) during task switching. We tested whether individual differences in error processing\u2010related activation contributed to PES within a subsample of children that performed the task during scanning (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200972). Children made mostly consecutive errors, whereas adults made mostly isolated errors. PES magnitudes were larger in adults than in children. Children showed enhanced error\u2010related activity in dorsal ACC and the anterior insula. Enhanced error\u2010related activity in the insula was associated with better performance and reduced switch costs. These findings suggest that the neurodevelopment of error processing in late childhood contributes to the improved ability to adjust behavior following errors, and consequently to task\u2010switching performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T06:14:54Z","timestamp":1781936094000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Individual Differences in Error\u2010Related Brain Activity and Post\u2010Error Slowing in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2518-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclce","family":"Akin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Trier  Trier Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina A.","family":"Schwarze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulman","family":"Lindenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia A.","family":"Bunge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California at Berkeley  Berkeley USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Fandakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Trier  Trier Germany"},{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2010.01499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.108.3.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Brett M. 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