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Whether a second language (L2) recruits native\u2010like networks (assimilation) or engages additional neural resources (accommodation) depends partly on the linguistic distance between L1 and L2. However, it remains unclear whether multilinguals can flexibly modulate assimilation and accommodation mechanisms when dealing with different L2 systems. Using 7\u2009T\u2010fMRI, we investigated brain activation patterns during a covert picture\u2010naming task involving one\u2010back phonological retrieval in 15 native Chinese speakers highly proficient in Japanese and English. Whole\u2010brain univariate analysis revealed a common fronto\u2010parieto\u2010occipital network across all three languages (Chinese, Japanese, and English), supporting a shared core language system. However, the Japanese task elicited greater activation in the left lingual and middle occipital gyri, suggesting increased implicit visual\u2010lexical demands. Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) showed greater pattern similarity between Chinese and English than between Chinese and Japanese, indicating differential neural representation across L2 languages. VOI\u2010based RSA showed a trend toward correlations between Japanese proficiency and representational similarity in the executive regions (pars triangularis and anterior cingulate gyrus), although these correlations did not reach statistical significance. These findings demonstrated that the trilingual brain relied on both assimilation and accommodation, with the level of each modulated by differences in linguistic structure and language experience. Language with a distinct writing system (English) seemed to be assimilated into the dominant L1 Chinese neural framework, whereas orthographically related language (Japanese) rather drove neural accommodation, probably due to script\u2010driven interference. This study highlighted multi\u2010level neural adaptation processes underlying multilingual lexical processing and provided a neurocognitive basis for tailor\u2010made educational strategies considering each student's linguistic background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1785498167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Assimilation and Accommodation in Trilinguals: An\n                    <scp>fMRI<\/scp>\n                    Study at\n                    <scp>7\u2009T<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8408-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinh Ha Duy","family":"Thuy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto 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