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The use of EEG\u2010derived features as biomarkers for affective disorder diagnosis has attracted growing attention. In this work, we introduce 25 commonly used EEG features and categorize them into four domains: time\u2010domain, frequency\u2010domain, complexity, and connectivity. Each feature captures distinct aspects of emotional processing and serves as a potential biomarker for diagnosing affective disorders. To evaluate their diagnostic utility, we analyzed two independent resting\u2010state EEG datasets. The first dataset comprised 84 healthy controls, 62 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 43 patients with schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and 32 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), while the second included 28 healthy controls and 32 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). These features are extracted and used for classification, allowing us to identify biomarkers with strong discriminative power. Finally, we provide a comprehensive discussion on key issues in the field, including multimodal biomarker integration, challenges in EEG\u2010based diagnosis, variability in classification results, and factors influencing EEG feature extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:20:53Z","timestamp":1788754853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>EEG<\/scp>\n                    Biomarkers for Affective Disorders Diagnosis: An Evaluation and Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Sha","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiteng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain\u2010Machine Integration, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center &amp; Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3831-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain\u2010Machine Integration, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center &amp; Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain\u2010Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain\u2010Machine Integration, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.923145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/3\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60240-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"The Cooperative Behavior of Neuronal Populations During Sleep and Mental Tasks","volume":"23","author":"Adey W. 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