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Using structural MRI data from monozygotic and dizygotic twins (298 participants), we estimated additive genetic and environmental contributions to cerebellar gray matter volume at lobular and voxel scales. Monozygotic twins showed higher intra\u2010pair correlations than dizygotic twins across cerebellar regions, indicating genetic influence with marked spatial heterogeneity: effects were strongest in posterior and vermal lobules (notably lobule IX, Crus I\/II, and vermis VII\u2013VIII) and more moderate in anterior motor\u2010related lobules; cerebellar white matter also showed strong genetic influence. Voxel\u2010wise mapping confirmed this pattern and revealed within\u2010lobule heterogeneity not captured by lobular averaging, with additive genetic factors explaining ~45% of voxel\u2010level variance and minimal shared environmental effects. Social (measured via the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale\u2010Self Report; LSAS\u2010SR) and trait (State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI\u2010T) anxiety were substantially heritable, whereas phenotypic, genetic, and unique environmental correlations with cerebellar volumes were small and did not survive multiple\u2010comparisons correction. These results show that genetic influence on cerebellar structure is strongly spatially heterogeneous and scale\u2010dependent, whereas associations between cerebellar gray matter volume and anxiety severity are weak in this non\u2010clinical adult sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:38:49Z","timestamp":1791347929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lobular and Voxel\u2010Wise Genetic Influences on Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume and Associations With Social and Trait Anxiety in Twins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5970-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tugce","family":"Yildiz\u2010Ahola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Granit","family":"Kastrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1305-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Fransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"\u00c5hs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedagogy Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Furmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Manzouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Timmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro\u2010 and Behavioral Sciences (C\u2010TNBS) University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7796-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristoffer N. 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