{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T03:31:16Z","timestamp":1786505476263,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Care Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is already showing enormous potential in the healthcare sector. Generative AI, particularly, is accelerating the sector's digital transformation by delivering intelligent decision support, automated diagnosis, and optimized resource allocation. DeepSeek\u2010R1, a large\u2010language model with a strong performance\u2010to\u2010cost ratio, has gained popularity as a foundation model in Chinese hospitals. However, the deployment of generative AI remains challenging, and hospitals continue to lack clear guidance on how to select among deployment architectures and how to balance computational demand with cost. Deeper, data\u2010driven analysis is therefore warranted to inform future roll\u2010outs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study surveyed AI deployment across Chinese hospitals, with a focus on DeepSeek's potential applications under national policies. Data were collected from the top 20 hospitals, regional centers, and township hospitals via official WeChat platforms. The survey examined deployment strategies, model versions, and platform choices, while keeping in account hospital needs, data resources, and technological\u2010economic decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights DeepSeek's impact on diagnostic accuracy, personalized treatment, medical documentation automation, and resource management optimization. Among the 17 surveyed hospitals, 6 hospitals employed detailed model versions, 5 used the 671B model, and 1 used the 32B version. Among 10 hospitals of different levels, 2 selected the 671B, 3 selected the 70B, and 4 selected the 32B model. All hospitals preferred local deployment. Different needs and applications were observed across the studied hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selection of the right AI model requires balancing computational power with cost. Larger models offer higher accuracy, but incur higher costs, whereas distilled models suit smaller hospitals with fewer resources. Future development should therefore focus on selecting deployment strategies based on the hospital size while addressing data quality disparities to bridge the regional healthcare gaps. As such, coordination among government, hospitals, and doctors is crucial for supporting smarter healthcare transitions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:31:07Z","timestamp":1782099067000},"page":"330-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Deployment of DeepSeek\u2010Based Applications in Healthcare: A Chinese Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5992-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maoxin","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China"},{"name":"GMC Lab, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health China Technologies Co. Ltd. Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health China Technologies Co. Ltd. Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengchun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMC Lab, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering Guangdong Medical University Dongguan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"\u201cdeepseek\u2010ai\/DeepSeek\u2010R1 \u201d GitHub accessed April 23 2025 https:\/\/github.com\/deepseek-ai\/DeepSeek-R1."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16866"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"\u201cClassification of Chinese Hospitals \u201d Wikipedia accessed June 20 2025 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classification_of_Chinese_hospitals."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"\u201cNotice from the General Office of the National Health Commission on the Issuance of the AI Application Scenario Reference Guidelines for the Healthcare Industry\u201d [in Chinese] National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China accessed April 8 2025 http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/guihuaxxs\/gongwen12\/202411\/647062ee76764323b29a1f0124b64400.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03727-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00474"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00277-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2023.3251310"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2022.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44178-025-00160-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39892"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-021-00488-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232714"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01223-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000951"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2021.0048"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2023.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X25500144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.70016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6678958"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1182329"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1192975"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11602-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-02338"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","unstructured":"Cyberspace Administration of China National Development and Reform Commission of China Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China and Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China \u201cInterim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services\u201d [in Chinese] accessed June 21 2025 https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/202307\/content_6891752.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","unstructured":"General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China \u201cData Security Law of the People's Republic of China\u201d [in Chinese] accessed June 21 2025 http:\/\/en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn\/2021-06\/10\/c_689311.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00036-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","unstructured":"\u201cSun Yat\u2010sen University First Affiliated Hospital Launches the World's First Large\u2010Scale Intelligent Assistant for Peritoneal Dialysis\u201d [in Chinese] People's Daily accessed April 24 2025 https:\/\/www.peopleapp.com\/column\/30048550027-500006151743."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"\u201cThe 'Fortune Star' Large Model Launched to Provide Intelligent Solutions for Obesity Prevention and Control in Children and Adolescents\u201d [in Chinese] China News accessed April 24 2025 https:\/\/www.chinanews.com\/sh\/2025\/04-17\/10400993.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","unstructured":"D. Guo D. Yang H. Zhang et al. \u201cDeepSeek\u2010R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning \u201dpreprint arXiv January 22 2025 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2501.12948."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.00842"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000002110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000798"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03119-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52618-6"}],"container-title":["Health Care Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hcs2.70068","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hcs2.70068","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hcs2.70068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T03:18:39Z","timestamp":1786504719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hcs2.70068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hcs2.70068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hcs2.70068","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2771-1749","2771-1757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2771-1749","type":"print"},{"value":"2771-1757","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}