{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T03:06:12Z","timestamp":1789527972137,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Care Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Xenotransplantation offers a potential solution to the critical global organ shortage by allowing the transplantation of organs from non\u2010primate animals to humans. To address the critical barriers of biological safety, zoonotic infections, and immunological rejection, this review evaluates current innovations in genetically engineered donor species strategies and assesses existing ophthalmological standards, employing specific expression of human regulatory proteins (hCD46\/hCD55) and genetically modified triple knockout (\n                    <jats:italic>GGTA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>B4GalNT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>CMAH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), biophysical thresholds, porcine cytomegalovirus screening, bacterial\/mycotic cultures, and DNA sequencing for unidentified organisms. Employing a snowball strategy across PubMed Central, ResearchGate, and Wiley Online Library, 47 articles were selected and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. The feasibility of xenotransplantation relies heavily on advancements in donor technology and genotype transparency, animal husbandry and biosafety, infectious testing and surveillance, recipient monitoring and lifetime surveillance, biosafety incident and response plan, data governance, sharing and oversight, and animal welfare and social license, necessitating pathogen observation, biosecure storage, bioexclusion monitoring, and good manufacturing practice\u2010style manual, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for porcine cytomegalovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, hepatitis E virus, alongside porcine endogenous retrovirus\u2010A\/B\/C; metagenomic sequencing initially, followed by 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and subsequently once every year, systematic and preliminary persistent sampling evaluations, independent data safety monitoring board, collaborative guidelines, encrypted databases, and data retention. The integration of endothelium\u2010protective human genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>hA20<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>hHO\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    , into genetically altered donor corneas in non\u2010human primate xenografts, is expected to minimize initial post\u2010transplant endothelial cell density loss by \u2265\u200920% compared to existing models. While clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats\u2010based modifications offer transformative potential for xenotransplantation, their reliability currently depends on establishing stringent biosafety standards.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:36:23Z","timestamp":1789526183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reframing Technology and Ethics in Corneal Xenotransplantation: A Scoping Review of Standards and Safety in Ophthalmology"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6246-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sankhajyoti","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Bhawanipur College of Creative Arts &amp; Applied Sciences Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1013-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moubani","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Bhawanipur College of Creative Arts &amp; Applied Sciences Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6024-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnihiya","family":"Bosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics National University Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e3181f237ef"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2010.00608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000003723"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7163.931"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38342-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2003.08.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Causes of Corneal Graft Failure in India","volume":"46","author":"Dandona L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"B.Gurnani C. 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