{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:54:06Z","timestamp":1791266046510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Care Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Organ transplantation is among the most complex domains of modern medicine, requiring the integration of advanced surgical techniques, individualized immunosuppressive therapy, structured professional training, and comprehensive quality assessment systems. As transplantation programs expand globally, ensuring consistency in clinical outcomes and patient safety has become increasingly dependent on the governance structures that regulate these domains. While Western systems emphasize decentralized, profession\u2010led models of training and quality assurance, Chinese Mainland has developed a centrally coordinated framework integrating regulatory oversight, standardized education, and data\u2010driven monitoring. This manuscript provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between immunosuppression, transplant surgeon training, and quality assessment systems, comparing Chinese Mainland with the United States and Germany. The findings highlight converging trends toward data\u2010driven quality management and competency\u2010based training, while underscoring persistent differences in regulatory philosophy. Chinese Mainland's integrated model offers advantages in standardization and scalability, whereas Western systems provide flexibility and innovation. These complementary approaches may inform future global harmonization of transplantation practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:58:37Z","timestamp":1789703917000},"page":"389-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quality Assessment and Management in Organ Transplantation: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, Germany, and Chinese Mainland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7587-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Nashan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"The Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center University of Sciences &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"},{"name":"China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-349"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2025.15541"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003808"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","unstructured":"Transplant Accreditation and Certification LLC \u201cAbdominal Transplant Surgery Fellowship Training and Certification Requirements \u201d American Society of Transplant Surgeons accessed February 14 2026 https:\/\/asts.org\/docs\/default-source\/fellowship-training\/asts-fellow-requirements.pdf?sfvrsn=cdb42189_43."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-36"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","unstructured":"M.Pu Z.Zhao andB.Nashan \u201cNational System for Training Assessment and Certification of Transplant Surgeons in China: An International Comparative Perspective \u201dHepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition(forthcoming)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China \u201cNotice of the General Office of the National Health Commission on Issuing the Medical Quality Control Indicators for Liver Kidney Heart and Lung Transplantation Technology (2020 Edition)\u201d [in Chinese] National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China published June 6 2020 https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/c100175\/202006\/aabbfbc3db8c469e841f41a807663296.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China \u201cNotice of the General Office of the National Health Commission on Issuing the General Requirements and Quality Control Indicators for Organ Procurement Organizations\u201d [in Chinese] National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China published February 26 2019 https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/c100175\/201903\/16cce1d51ef9430aac163e81180c3d50.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","unstructured":"European Union of Medical Specialists \u201cTransplant Surgery EBSQ Examinations \u201d European Union of Medical Specialists accessed February 14 2026 https:\/\/uemssurg.org\/surgicalspecialties\/transplant-surgery\/ebsq-examinations\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12464\/j.issn.1674-7445.2025226"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China \u201cNotice by the National Health Commission of Issuance of Provisions on the Administration of the Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplantation Technology\u201d [in Chinese] National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China published April 19 2024 https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/ylyjs\/zcwj\/202405\/673ce660c77642eeaca43ae68c1c8820.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Health & Human Services \u201cQuality Safety & Oversight \u2010 Certification & Compliance for Transplant Programs \u201d United States Department of Health & Human Services accessed February 19 2026 https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/guidance\/document\/quality-safety-oversight-certification-compliance-transplant-programs."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24069"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/tp.0000000000005623"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-22-226"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","unstructured":"The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients \u201cOPTN\/SRTR 2023 Annual Data Report \u201d The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients accessed April 9 2026 https:\/\/www.srtr.org\/transplant-professionals\/optnsrtr-annual-data-report\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14315"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1553-7250(15)41026-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14610"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","unstructured":"Institute for Quality Assurance and Transparency in Healthcare \u201cQuality System Procedures in Transplantation Medicine\u2014Federal Quality Report 2024\u201d [in German] IQTIG published October 11 2024 https:\/\/iqtig.org\/downloads\/berichte\/bqb\/aj2024\/IQTIG_BQB_QS-TX_AJ2024_V01_2024-10-11.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","unstructured":"German Foundation for Organ Transplantation \u201cReports From Transplantation Centers\u201d [in German] DSO accessed April 9 2026 https:\/\/dso.de\/organspende\/statistiken-berichte\/berichte-der-transplantationszentren."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","volume-title":"Report on the 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