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In this paper, we use the newly available data set District Level Household Survey 3 to quantify the impact of access to improved sanitation on diarrheal morbidity for children less than 5\u2009years of age in India. Using propensity score matching, we find that access to improved sanitation reduces the risk of contracting diarrhea by 2.2 percentage points. There is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of improved sanitation. We find statistically insignificant treatment effects for children in low or middle socioeconomic status households and for girls; however, boys and children in high socioeconomic status households experienced economically significant treatment effects. The magnitude of the treatment effect differs largely by hygiene behavior. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T01:04:12Z","timestamp":1332464652000},"page":"410-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["DOES ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION REDUCE CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA IN RURAL INDIA?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Department of Global Health University of Washington  Seattle USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard University  Cambridge USA"},{"name":"Institute of Macroeconomics University of Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700104"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores","volume":"70","author":"Becker SO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60678-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"The Impact of Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions on Child Health: Evidence From DHS Surveys Mimeo","author":"Bose R","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71877-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00606-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X03001098"},{"issue":"448","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10473858","article-title":"Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: reevaluating the evaluation of training programs","volume":"94","author":"Dehijia R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"DuraiswamyP.2001.Health status and curative health care in rural India. 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