{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:47:00Z","timestamp":1777441620846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]],"date-time":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71073003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71073003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Sichuan University","award":["skqy201328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["skqy201328"]}]},{"name":"State Council Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Assessment Progam"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The growth of healthcare expenditure provokes constant comments and discussions, as countries battle the issues on cost containment and cost effectiveness. Prior to 1978, medical institutions in China were either state\u2010owned or were collective public hospitals. Since 1978, China has been trying to rebuild its healthcare system, which was destroyed during the \u2018cultural revolution\u2019, allowing private medical institutions to deliver healthcare services. As a result, private medical institutions have grown from 0% to 28.57% between 1978 and 2010. In this context, we compare outpatient healthcare expenditures between public and private medical institutions. The central problem of this comparison is that the choice of medical institution is endogenous. So we apply an instrumental variable (IV) framework utilizing geographic information (whether the closest medical institution is private) as the instrument while controlling for severity of health and other relevant confounding factors. Using China's Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Survey 2008\u20132010, we found that there is no difference in expenditure between public and private medical institutions when IV framework is used. Our econometric tests suggest that our IV model is specified appropriately. However, the ordinary least square model, which is inconsistent in the presence of endogenous regressor(s), reveals that public medical institutions are more expensive. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]],"date-time":"2013-12-11T10:28:49Z","timestamp":1386757729000},"page":"270-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Comparison of Outpatient Healthcare Expenditures Between Public and Private Medical Institutions in Urban China: An Instrumental Variable Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration Southwestern University of Finance and Economics  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guanghua School of Management Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hospital Management Research at PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Health Insurance Research Association  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kisalaya","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Economics and Management Southwestern University of Finance and Economics  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"ChowGC.2006.An economic analysis of health care in China.CEPSWorking Paper No.132. 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