{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1786977934556,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06\/404\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/404\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_12023\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12023\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRF\u201012437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRF\u201012437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Missing data are a common issue in cost\u2010effectiveness analysis (CEA) alongside randomised trials and are often addressed assuming the data are \u2018missing at random\u2019. However, this assumption is often questionable, and sensitivity analyses are required to assess the implications of departures from missing at random. Reference\u2010based multiple imputation provides an attractive approach for conducting such sensitivity analyses, because missing data assumptions are framed in an intuitive way by making reference to other trial arms. For example, a plausible not at random mechanism in a placebo\u2010controlled trial would be to assume that participants in the experimental arm who dropped out stop taking their treatment and have similar outcomes to those in the placebo arm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Drawing on the increasing use of this approach in other areas, this paper aims to extend and illustrate the reference\u2010based multiple imputation approach in CEA. It introduces the principles of reference\u2010based imputation and proposes an extension to the CEA context. The method is illustrated in the CEA of the CoBalT trial evaluating cognitive behavioural therapy for treatment\u2010resistant depression. Stata code is provided. We find that reference\u2010based multiple imputation provides a relevant and accessible framework for assessing the robustness of CEA conclusions to different missing data assumptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T03:31:26Z","timestamp":1576553486000},"page":"171-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Reference\u2010based multiple imputation for missing data sensitivity analyses in trial\u2010based cost\u2010effectiveness analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Leurent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Research University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzie","family":"Cro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5250-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Wiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10543406.2013.859148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"BDI\u2010II, Beck Depression Inventory: Manual","author":"Beck A. 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