{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:39:12Z","timestamp":1791981552537,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["694145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["694145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies argue that major crises can have long\u2010lasting effects on individual behavior. While most studies focused on natural disasters, we explore the consequences of the global pandemic caused by a lethal influenza virus in 1918\u201319: the so\u2010called \u201cSpanish Flu.\u201d This was by far the worst pandemic of modern history, causing up to 100 million deaths worldwide. Using information about attitudes of respondents to the General Social Survey, we find evidence that experiencing the pandemic likely had permanent consequences in terms of individuals' social trust. Our findings suggest that lower social trust was passed on to the descendants of the survivors of the Spanish Flu who migrated to the United States. As trust is a crucial factor for long\u2010term economic development, our research offers a new angle from which to assess current health threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1612849657000},"page":"840-857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Epidemics and trust: The case of the Spanish Flu"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Arnstein","family":"Aassve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bocconi University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Alfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bocconi University  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER) Bocconi University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bocconi University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3123-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Le Moglie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_3_1","volume-title":"Pandemics and asymmetric shocks: Evidence from the history of plague in europe and the mediterranean","author":"Alfani G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050717000092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ehr.12652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.5.2060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_7_1","volume-title":"Trust, growth and well\u2010being: New evidence and policy implications","author":"Algan Y.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400874569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3556305","volume-title":"The coronavirus and the great influenza epidemic lessons from the \u201cSpanish flu\u201d for the coronavirus's potential effects on mortality and economic activity","author":"Barro J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? 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