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We investigate the causal impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on neonatal health in Italy in the 2000s. We exploit variation in rainfall shocks to instrument for non\u2010random air pollution exposure. Our empirical setting combines detailed information on mother's residential location from birth certificates with PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> concentrations from air pollution monitors. Ten additional units in the average PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> level (approximately one standard deviation) would decrease birth weight by about 0.5% and gestational age by 0.16%; it would increase the prevalence of low birth weight by 22% and of preterm birth by 16%. The effects are stronger in magnitude for third trimester exposure and for less educated mothers. These findings suggest that the health impacts of air pollution on newborns are unequally distributed in the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1641783805000},"page":"729-759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prenatal air pollution exposure and neonatal health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) Social Sciences Area  L\u2019Aquila Italy"},{"name":"The Centre of Economic and International Studies (CEIS) University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Petrunyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leuphana University  Lueneburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Vuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre of Economic and International Studies (CEIS) University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Economics and Finance \u2010 DEF University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) University of Rome Tor Vergata  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305774268228"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w21578"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)31874-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-9159-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.33.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1813-2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.124-A98"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0692-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/691591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.53.1.0715-7235R"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.1.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","volume-title":"RWOLF: Stata module to calculate Romano\u2010Wolf stepdown p\u2010values for multiple hypothesis testing. 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