{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:58:42Z","timestamp":1791824322421,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["280092119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["280092119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study analyzes the impact of large anti\u2010lockdown protests on the spread of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in Germany. Since protesters at such large gatherings are very mobile and largely neglect SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 containment strategies, they may contribute to the regional transmission of the coronavirus. Employing novel data on bus connections of travel companies specialized in driving protesters to these gatherings, and exploiting the timing of two large\u2010scale demonstrations in November 2020, we estimate the causal impact of these protests on the spread of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 using an event study framework. Our findings imply sizable increases in infection rates in protesters' origin regions after these demonstrations. A month after the protests, treated areas face a relative increase in infection rates up to 35% compared to non\u2010treated areas. Our results shed light on public health consequences of behavior that ignores potential externalities for the society during a pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T04:05:45Z","timestamp":1663733145000},"page":"2664-2679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spreading the disease: Protest in times of pandemics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ZEW Mannheim  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Monscheuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics Humboldt University of Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Mass gatherings contributed to early COVID\u201019 spread: Evidence from US sports","author":"Ahammer A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2021.102531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3722299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ectj\/utab021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148\u2010021\u201000848\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Bundesregierung. 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