{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:46:12Z","timestamp":1791258372288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5022,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>HESG was founded in 1972 as part of a conscious effort to establish health economics as an identifiable sub\u2010discipline. It is debatable whether the growth of health economics was demand\u2010led or supplier\u2010driven, but in either case the existence of a HESG played a vital role. HESG was founded as a private club, in the tradition of English gentlemen's clubs, designed to provide a forum for debate and an invisible, supportive faculty for health economists dispersed between different organisations throughout the UK. It was given impetus by public economists at the University of York, who were effectively academic entrepreneurs, motivated in part by private gain, but by their actions overcoming the free\u2010rider problem that might otherwise have retarded the development of health economics. Over the course of its first 25 years, HESG has changed and its membership has grown and altered in composition \u2010 over this period, HESG has evolved from a private club to a professional network. It has made a vital contribution to the existence and form of health economics as a subdiscipline in the United Kingdom, and has in turn itself been influenced by the subdiscipline. As a subdiscipline, UK health economics in the 1990s generally draws on a small body of economic theory and is practised by a distinct, identifiable group of economists. This paper was commissioned by HESG, as a history of the organisation. It also analyses the foundation and evolution of HESG as an institutional arrangement designed to overcome a collective action problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4730070904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T04:37:14Z","timestamp":1335933434000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["From private club to professional network: An economic history of the Health Economists' Study Group, 1972\u20131997"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bronwyn","family":"Croxson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Men Only: An investigation into men's organisations","author":"Rogers B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Power in movement: social movements, collective action and politics","author":"Tarrow S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"The other club","author":"Coote C.R.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"The Athenaeum: club and social life in London, 1824\u20131974","author":"Cowell F.R.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Brooks's, 1764\u20131964","author":"Eeles H.S.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"The gentlemen's clubs of London","author":"LeJeune A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Club life of London with anecdotes of the clubs, coffee\u2010houses and taverns of the metropolis","author":"Timbs J.","year":"1866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"History of the Athenaeum, 1824\u20131925","author":"Ward H.","year":"1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"The Reform Club 1836\u20131978, a history from the club's records","author":"Woodbridge G.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"Non\u2010random reflections on health services research: On the 25th Anniversary of Archie Cochrane's Effectiveness and Efficiency","author":"Maynard A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","volume-title":"The new classical macroeconomics: conversations with the new classical economists and their opponents","author":"Klamer A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1909635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","volume-title":"Economists in government: an international comparative study","author":"Coats A.W.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams A.All cost effective treatments should be free \u2026 or how Archie Cochrane changed my life!Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health1997: Forthcoming.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.2.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"Health & efficiency: a sociology of health economics","author":"Ashmore M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-18800-0","volume-title":"Health and economics: Proceedings of Section F (Economics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1986","author":"Williams A.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"Association of University Teachers of Economics the precursor to the Royal Economics Society."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"The economics of health and medical care: proceedings of a conference held by the International Economic Association at Tokyo, 1973","author":"Perlman M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"I am indebted to Tony Atkinson for alerting me to the existence of the Money Study Group."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","volume-title":"Readings in British monetary economics","author":"Johnson H. G.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","volume-title":"Issues in monetary economics: proceedings of the 1972 Money Study Group Conference","author":"Johnson H. G.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2233853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.1976.tb00843.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","volume-title":"The economic institutions of capitalism","author":"Williamson O.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a042273","article-title":"The theory of public utility price\u2014an empty box","volume":"9","author":"Wiseman J.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Oxford Economic Papers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041660","volume-title":"The logic of collective action","author":"Olson M.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","volume-title":"The economics of medical care","author":"Hauser M.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","unstructured":"\u2018AD HOC MEETING AT YORK ON 25th JULY 1972\u2019 undated circular c.1972."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":"Circular letter From Tony Culyer Bob Lavers Alan Williams 17 August1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson (1972) see note 20 above.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2164-585X.1972.tb02066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"Circular letter from R.Lavers July1972."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","unstructured":"Letter from A. Culyer generally circulated 25 September1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"Notes taken by Alan Williams after an SSRC Economics Committee consultation with convenors of study groups 4 March1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","volume-title":"Social choice and individual values","author":"Arrow K.J.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","volume-title":"Economics and health: proceedings of the first Australian Conference of Health Economists","author":"Tatchell P.M.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","volume-title":"Economic and medical evaluation of technologies: Symposium, Wolfsebery Switzerland, 1982","author":"Culyer A. J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","unstructured":"The first issue appeared in December1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","unstructured":"Letter circulated by Dave Parkin and Brian Yule re Heart c.1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","unstructured":"It is not safe to assume that the people in HEART were the most active attenders: there are several years when Alan Williams and Penny Mullen do not appear in HEART and they were two of the most regular and active participants at HESG meetings."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","unstructured":"Circular letter fromA.Culyerannouncing the Oxford meeting 15 January 1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","unstructured":"Circular letter from Geoff Ferster announcing Exeter Meeting 9 October 1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","unstructured":"The first meeting was called a \u2018jamboree\u2019 and others were called \u2018symposiums\u2019 or \u2018meetings\u2019. Various types of meeting organisation were tried including putting participants into sub\u2010groups (\u2018yndicates\u2019) to discuss papers published works or topics; various different lengths of session were tried; and sessions with and without chairs or discussants were used."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","unstructured":"The first meeting to use this format was Canterbury1974."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.33.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","unstructured":"Subsequent joint meetings were held with the Institute of Health Services Managers in 1987 and with the Faculty of Public Health Medicine in 1993. Special meetings with overseas groups were held in Vadstena in 1985 and Barcelona in1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","unstructured":"The first time there is a record of this is Exeter1973December meeting."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","unstructured":"Letter from Tony Culyer to David Owen 14 October1975."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","unstructured":"Timbs (1866) p.16see note 7 above."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","unstructured":"Circular letter to all members of HESG fromA.Culyer undated announcing meeting with SSM July1978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","unstructured":"Circular letter from David Parkin to all HESG members undated\u2014announcing the1981meeting."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","unstructured":"It may be the case that HESG meetings are deliberately structured to include two evenings to maximise the time available for social interaction."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Close encounters of an economic kind","volume":"24","author":"Thunhurst C.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radical Community Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","volume-title":"Economics and health planning","author":"Lee K.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","unstructured":"There are few easily available records relating to this grant although they do exist in the Public Records Office at Kew."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","unstructured":"Letter fromA.Culyerto all HESG members 17 November1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","unstructured":"Culyer A. J.HESG Annual Report to the ESRC. 1985\/6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","unstructured":"This proposal seems to have been made with the support of the Strategy Group of senior health economists at York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","unstructured":"Tony Culyer calculated the price elasticities and argued that if Pe= 0.3 membership would fall from 380 to 216 and if Pe= 0.2 membership would fall to 266."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","unstructured":"The Institute of Economic Affairs a market\u2010liberal think tank."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","unstructured":"Circular letter from John Hutton to all members 13 September 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","unstructured":"These included Dickson Young Group Enterprise House Ocean Village; Knight Chapman Executive Search; Shandwick Consultants; Welsh Office; and the MRC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","unstructured":"As used here the term \u2018Industry\u2019 incorporates pharmaceutical companies consultancy organisations accounting firms and organisations like the Health Economics Consortium at York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","unstructured":"I am grateful to Carol Propper for suggesting this point."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","unstructured":"With two exceptions men were more likely than women to chair\/discuss a paper with at least one female author. Women were more likely to discuss papers with at least one female author but there was no noticeable pattern with respect to female chairs and the author's sex."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","unstructured":"This is the only year for which financial information survives prior to1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","unstructured":"Information about the content of papers has been drawn from interviews two surveys of authors presenting papers to HESG meetings and a detailed study of the 764 papers presented to all HESG meetings which attached topic\u2010related keywords to each paper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Health economics\u2014or is it medical care micro\u2010economics?","volume":"24","author":"Carr\u2010Hill R.A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radical Community Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","unstructured":"Some people drew a distinction between health economists and economists working in health arguing that individuals falling into the latter category identify with networks and associations other than HESG notably the Royal Economic Society the European Economic Society and US\u2010based associations."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","unstructured":"Maynard and Sheldon (1997) see note 10 above."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(88)90043-1"}],"container-title":["Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhec.4730070904","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hec.4730070904","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T02:56:00Z","timestamp":1713927360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hec.4730070904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hec.4730070904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.4730070904","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1057-9230","1099-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1057-9230","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]}}}