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We reexamine this question by introducing the theoretical and empirical distinction between individual health behaviors in the public and in the private domain (e.g., keeping a distance from strangers vs. abstaining from private gatherings with friends). Using structural equation modeling to analyze survey data from Germany's second wave of the pandemic (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a03350), we reveal the following major differences between compliance in both domains: Social preferences, especially (positive) reciprocity, play an essential role in predicting compliance in the public domain but are barely relevant in the private domain. Conversely, individuals' degree of trust in the national government matters predominantly for increasing compliance in the private domain. The clearly strongest predictor in this domain is the perception pandemic\u2010related threats. Our findings encourage tailoring communication strategies to either domain\u2010specific circumstances or factors common across domains. Tailored communication may also help promote compliance with other health\u2010related regulatory policies beyond COVID\u201019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T12:44:02Z","timestamp":1708692242000},"page":"1055-1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Compliance in the public versus the private realm: Economic preferences, institutional trust and COVID\u201019 health behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8539-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrike","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"TUM School of Management Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Munich School of Politics and Public Policy (HfP) Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina Isabel","family":"Steinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Munich School of Politics and Public Policy (HfP) Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"TUM School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"B\u00fcthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"TUM School of Management Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Munich School of Politics and Public Policy (HfP) Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Sanford School of Public Policy Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Discovering structural equation modeling using Stata","author":"Acock A. 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