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Thus, nursing homes and policymakers faced a tradeoff between minimizing COVID\u201019 outbreaks and limiting the unintended harms. Between June 2020 and January 2021, 17 states implemented Essential Caregiver policies (ECPs) allowing nursing home visitation by designated family members or friends under controlled circumstances. Using the Nursing Home COVID\u201019 Public File and other relevant data, we analyze the effects of ECPs on deaths among nursing home residents. We exploit variation in the existence of ECPs across states and over time, finding that these policies effectively reduce both non\u2010COVID\u201019 and COVID\u201019 deaths, resulting in a decrease in total deaths. These effects are larger for states that implemented policies mandatorily or without restrictions, indicating a dose\u2010response relationship. These policies reduce non\u2010COVID\u201019 deaths in facilities with higher quality or staffing levels, while reducing COVID\u201019 deaths in facilities with lower quality or staffing levels. Our findings support the use and expansion of ECPs to balance resident safety and the need for social interaction and informal care during future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T04:59:39Z","timestamp":1719550779000},"page":"2321-2341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of essential caregiver policies on COVID\u201019 and non\u2010COVID\u201019 deaths in nursing homes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-2889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyu","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3016-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Tamara","family":"Konetzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021).Design for care compare nursing home five\u2010star quality rating system: Technical users\u2019 guide. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/provider\u2010enrollment\u2010and\u2010certification\/certificationandcomplianc\/downloads\/usersguide.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015455118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Over 200,000 residents and staff in long\u2010term care facilities have died from COVID\u201019","author":"Chidambaram P.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Nursing Home Data\u2014Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Data. (2023). 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