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In this paper, we assess the consumer welfare impact of a fat tax net of its expected benefits computed as savings from weight loss. Using Italian data, we estimate a censored Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) incomplete demand system for food groups, simulating changes in purchases, calorie intake, consumer welfare, and the monetary value of short\u2010run health benefits. While the Italian government has proposed a sugar tax, we show that there is no significant excess consumption of added sugars among Italian adults. Instead, excessive fat consumption is more prevalent, making a fat tax a more compelling and effective solution to address diet\u2010related health risks. Our results suggest costs from fat taxation are larger than benefits at all income levels. As a fraction of income, the net impact would be slightly regressively distributed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T14:14:18Z","timestamp":1736691258000},"page":"727-740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fat vs. Sugar: The Case for a Saturated Fat Tax in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"di Cosmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Statistics \u201cCognetti de Martiis\u201d University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Tiezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Statistics University of Siena  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjz017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.33.3.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867x1601600311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003465397557015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226731"},{"issue":"67","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","article-title":"The Impact of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax on Purchases and Consumption by Adults and Children","volume":"102225","author":"Cawley J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1558\u20109544.1071"},{"volume-title":"La Distribuzione Commerciale in Italia : Caratteristiche Strutturali e Tendenze Evolutive","year":"2008","author":"Cozzi S.","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2020.100951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20171898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010economics\u2010051520\u2010024949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Griffith R. 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