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To address endogeneity concerns, I focus on mothers and their newborns in Norwegian maternity wards and use the number of women with the same due date in a local area as an instrument for crowding. Using detailed administrative data covering all births in Norway over multiple years, I find that crowding\u2014measured as a higher admission level\u2014 causes fewer unplanned readmissions and improved APGAR scores. On crowded days, mothers receive fewer inductions and other medical interventions, and no corresponding increase in reported complications. The instrumental variable strategy addresses potential endogeneity biases inherent in fixed\u2010effects models and yields qualitatively similar estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.70048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:01:17Z","timestamp":1761289277000},"page":"175-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time to Spare and Too Much Care? 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