{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:14:58Z","timestamp":1788275698001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compulsory licensing is a legal mechanism that allows governments the use of patented medicines without the owner's consent, subject to conditions and compensation, to meet public\u2010health needs. Despite its policy relevance and increasing use, empirical evidence on its market effects remains limited. This study examines the association between compulsory licensing and the commercial accessibility and affordability of HIV medications across 11 countries from 2002 to 2022. We combine quarterly data on drug sales and prices from IQVIA with implementation dates from the TRIPS Flexibilities Database, focusing on 21 HIV drugs subject to at least one compulsory license. Using a staggered difference\u2010in\u2010differences design, we estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of compulsory licensing on drug consumption and prices, under a parallel trends assumption. We find an economically meaningful increase in retail and hospital sales following the implementation of compulsory licenses, amounting to approximately 21% of a standard deviation in the countries that implemented them. In addition, we estimate a reduction in prices of approximately 19% of a standard deviation. These associations are consistent with compulsory licenses having contributed to improved availability of HIV drugs through commercial channels, with meaningful effects on prices. Our estimates do not capture\u2014and therefore cannot rule out\u2014potential additional effects on access via public importation or production, donations, or NGO\u2010led supply chains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:23:02Z","timestamp":1782271382000},"page":"1427-1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Compulsory Licensing: A Case Study of HIV Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nicolau","family":"Martin\u2010Bassols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR) University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Serra\u2010Burriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin Noelle","family":"Vokinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology Academic Chair for Regulation in Law Medicine, and Technology ETH Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijindorg.2014.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Implications of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health","author":"Correa C. M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(25)01637\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(00)02664\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Medicines Law & Policy.2024.TRIPS Flexibilities Database."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20102667(21)00202\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741134313503827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214\u2010109x(19)30266\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(08)61779\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198\u2010013\u20100556\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp068297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.2011a.DOHA+10: TRIPS Flexibilities and Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: Lessons from the Past Opportunities for the Future."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.2011b.Policy Brief: Using TRIPS Flexibilities to Improve Access to HIV Treatment."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s42214\u2010020\u201000068\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"World Trade Organization.2001.Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"World Trade Organization.2006.Intellectual Property (TRIPS)\u2014Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.018"}],"container-title":["Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hec.70123","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hec.70123","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hec.70123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:44:47Z","timestamp":1788273887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hec.70123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hec.70123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.70123","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1057-9230","1099-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1057-9230","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}