{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:05:05Z","timestamp":1764493505877},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,19]],"date-time":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1016496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head &amp; Neck"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal surgery is defined as prenatal surgical intervention. Such intervention is currently considered in selected cases of fetal malformations that endanger the child\u2019s life prenatally or postnatally, such as death or severe impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current indications are reviewed, with special emphasis on success rates and complications, including concomitant ethical problems. Data sources are based on personal experience and medical information systems (especially MEDLINE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the head and neck areas, especially the upper respiratory tract, such procedures can be indicated in selected cases. They include exposure and temporary obstruction of the fetal trachea to reduce the viscera and to prevent pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, prenatal tracheotomy in laryngeal atresia, and intranatal establishment of an airway in airway\u2010obstructing embryonic tumors. The latter surgery can be performed after delivery of the fetal head and neck and before umbilical cord severance. This method ensures oxygenation of the fetus by the maternofetal circulation until completion of the surgical intervention (so called EXIT procedure = Ex\u2010Utero Intrapartum Treatment). The relatively high surgical risk of fetal surgery, in particular postoperative preterm labor, may be reduced by the use of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques. By reducing operative risks even further, prenatal surgical interventions may even be used in nonlethal conditions. Consequently, more diseases of the head and neck area could thus be included in the spectrum of indications, such as prenatal correction of the cleft lip palate. Because fetal wound healing incurs no scarring up to a certain stage in pregnancy, such fetal surgical correction could be a perspective. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 482\u2013490, 2002<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.10083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]],"date-time":"2004-10-27T11:13:35Z","timestamp":1098875615000},"page":"482-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Fetal operations in the head and neck area: current state"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.46.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(05)80382-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(84)80254-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80470-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90426-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199511000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(95)90590-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90524-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(97)90379-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947608500505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"338","article-title":"Congenital atresia of the larynx. A report of nine cases","volume":"74","author":"Smith II","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90500-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"The perinatal management of severe laryngeal stenosis","volume":"80","author":"Richards DS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(94)90331-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"907","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of laryngeal atresia","volume":"41","author":"Arizawa M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"396","article-title":"A propos du d\u00e9pistage ant\u00e9natal des atr\u00e9sies trach\u00e9ale et laryng\u00e9e","volume":"47","author":"Didier F","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Fr Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199706)17:6<577::AID-PD90>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"625","article-title":"Congenital laryngeal atresia","volume":"143","author":"Fang SH","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994379"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","unstructured":"DelechotteP LemeryD VanlieferinghenP.Association \u00e1tresie laryng\u00e9e et ag\u00e9sie r\u00e9nale bilat\u00e9rale: Hyperplasie versus hypoplasie pulmonaire.Presented at Quateri\u00eame journ\u00e9ne de la Societe Francaise de Foetopathologie Paris\u2010Bichat France 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Diagnostic ant\u00e9natal et maladies g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pneumologiques","volume":"5","author":"Tournier G","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Fetal lung growth in laryngeal atresia and tracheal agenesis","volume":"25","author":"Scurry J","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust Paediatr J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320370433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90605-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1992.11.9.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1992.11.12.673"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100134322","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of upper airway obstruction: A challenge that can be achieved","volume":"6","author":"Golan\u2010Porat N","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Perinatal management of laryngeal atresia","volume":"6","author":"Kawaguchi H","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1996.07050371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818709161415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Larynx atresia","volume":"1","author":"Furness ME","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fetus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1995.05040271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90665-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80373-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(05)80164-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03009837"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","first-page":"1988","volume-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies","author":"Romero R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1997.01900060093016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70285-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949009900303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199301000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999541"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(98)00157-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000263643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199812000-00039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199011001-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020852"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00374-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(96)90144-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","first-page":"629","article-title":"Congenital cystic hygroma involving the larynx presenting as an airway emergency","volume":"86","author":"Thompson DM","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(97)90184-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18693"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199507000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198506000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198911000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)32357-9","article-title":"Perspectives in cleft lip and palate repair","volume":"20","author":"Oberg KC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1993)030<0013:FCLRIR>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90323-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199211000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","unstructured":"EvansML ObergKC NyguenT et al.Intrauterine cleft repair in fetal sheep: Suture versus microclip. American College of Surgeons annual meeting Santa Barbara California 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1994)031<0037:IUCPRI>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199604001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198712000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intrauterine cleft lip surgery","volume":"4","author":"Monasterio FO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Perspect Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01366523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199311000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199211000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Syndromes of the head and neck","author":"Gorlin RJ","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199112000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(94)90069-8"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Neck"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhed.10083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hed.10083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1700309022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hed.10083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hed.10083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.10083","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-3074","1097-0347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-3074","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,25]]}}}