{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:45:04Z","timestamp":1787312704663,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,4]],"date-time":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head &amp; Neck"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was performed to assess the ability of autologous tumor vaccines to induce T\u2010cell reactivity to squamous cell cancers (SCC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Irradiated autologous tumor cells admixed with bacillus Calmette\u2010Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) were given intradermally in patients with advanced head and neck cancers. Vaccine\u2010primed lymph node (VPLN) cells were secondarily activated with anti\u2010CD3 mAb and expanded in IL\u20102 for adoptive immunotherapy. A mean (\u00b1 SEM) of 2 (\u00b10.6) \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                      anti\u2010CD3\u2013activated cells were administered in conjunction with IL\u20102 in six patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anti\u2010CD3\u2013activated VPLN cells secreted IFN\u2010\u03b3 and GM\u2010CSF in response to autologous tumor cells but not to allogeneic tumor cells in four of five patients analyzed. Both CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      tumor reactive cells were present in the VPLN. There were no significant tumor responses after transfer of the anti\u2010CD3\u2013activated VPLN. In separate experiments, costimulation of VPLN cells with anti\u2010CD3 and anti\u2010CD28 mAb resulted in enhanced cytokine secretion to autologous tumor compared with anti\u2010CD3 activation alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      responses can be induced to SCC by autologous tumor vaccination. However, additional approaches need to be identified to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this approach. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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