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Most of them were poorly investigated. Three modalities were thoroughly studied\u2014steroids and antibiotics, mitomycin, and antireflux medications. However, there are conflicting data regarding their role in preventing and treating subglottic stenosis. Current data support to some extent the textbook suggestions of antibiotics, steroids, and antireflux treatment. As no other treatment options exist, we recommend using these modalities for pharmacologic modulation of subglottic stenosis. Mitomycin should still be considered as an unproven treatment; its use may be considered as an adjunct. \u00a9 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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