{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:26:29Z","timestamp":1774261589409,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]],"date-time":"2016-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES) program from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head &amp; Neck"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quadrangular space permits an anterior entry into Meckel's cave while obviating the need for cerebral or cranial nerve retraction. This avenue is intimately associated with the cavernous sinus; thus, from this ventral perspective, it is feasible to visualize the anteromedial, anterolateral, and Parkinson triangles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty middle cranial fossae were dissected endonasally under direct endoscopic visualization. Measurements of the surface area of the quadrangular space and the ventrally accessible cavernous sinus triangles were performed using 3 coordinates under image\u2010guided navigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surface area of the quadrangular space was 16.36 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (\u00b12.89 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). The anterolateral triangle was the largest (47.27 \u00b1 5.37 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), whereas Parkinson's was the smallest (22.46 \u00b1 5.54 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>); the anteromedial triangle presented an average surface area 36.07 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (\u00b14.15 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trajectory of the internal carotid artery (ICA) significantly impacts the quadrangular space area and may be a potential parameter for defining the feasibility of this corridor. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. <jats:italic>Head Neck<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>38<\/jats:bold>: E1680\u2013E1687, 2016<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]],"date-time":"2016-02-15T09:21:11Z","timestamp":1455528071000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Endoscopic endonasal study of the cavernous sinus and quadrangular space: Anatomic relationships"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ricardo L. L.","family":"Dolci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rida de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo F. S.","family":"Ditzel Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano E.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lamia","family":"Buohliqah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo R.","family":"Lazarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rida de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Prevedello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo L.","family":"Carrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. 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