{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:52:17Z","timestamp":1771023137348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":12115,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Forty\u2013three patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) between 1973 and 1978 were identified. Criteria for SBP included a positive ascites culture and polymorphonuclear cell concentration greater than 250 cells per mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. Chronic liver disease was documented by varices in 91%, severe histologic fibrosis or cirrhosis in 94%, splenomegaly in 91%, and past hospitalization for liver disease in 57% of the patients. SBP was detected within 7 days of admission in 17 patients (40%) and within 35 days in 38 patients. Single organisms were isolated from 38 patients and multiple organisms from 5 patients. Twenty\u2013six of 43 patients survived the episode of SBP, but only 13 survived the hospitalization. Analysis of the survival curve from the onset of SBP revealed a rapid death rate and a slow death rate set of patients. Rapid death (&lt; 7 days from SBP onset) correlated with a lack of prior hospitalization for liver disease (p &lt; 0.001), hepatomegaly (p &lt; 0.001), increased serum bilirubin (p &lt; 0.005), serum creatinine (p &lt; 0.05), and peripheral white blood cell concentrations (p &lt; 0.05). Survival during hospitalization was associated with prior hospitalization with liver disease (p &lt; 0.001) and chills during the episode of SBP (p &lt; 0.001). The 43 patients were divided into Group 1 patients on the basis of a serum bilirubin &gt; 8 mg% and\/or serum creatinine &gt; 2.1 mg%; Group 2 patients had lower values. Survival was greater in Group 2 patients with advanced, relatively quiescent liver disease compared to Group 1 patients for both the episode of SBP (91 vs. 29%; p &lt; 0.001) and for hospitalization (50 vs. 9%; p &lt; 0.05). Death in Group 2 patients was related to inadequate antibiotic therapy (p &lt; 0.05), nonhepatic factors, and new onset of renal failure. Although SBP in the setting of severe acute liver injury has a dismal prognosis, SBP with minimal acute liver injury has a relatively good prognosis for hospital survival even with advanced chronic liver disease. Long\u2013term survival is also possible since 4 of 9 patients with prolonged follow\u2013up have survived 3 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,5]],"date-time":"2010-07-05T12:58:24Z","timestamp":1278334704000},"page":"399S-407S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"John C.","family":"Hoefs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna N.","family":"Canawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco L.","family":"Sapico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randy R.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Z.","family":"Montgomerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01844937","article-title":"Spontaneous peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. A decade of experience","volume":"19","author":"Curry","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80155-2","article-title":"The clinical value of ascitic fluid culture and leukocyte count studies in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"70","author":"Kline","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90578-8","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis","volume":"64","author":"Weinstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80165-5","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"70","author":"Conn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-60-4-568","article-title":"Spontaneous peritonitis and bacteremia in Laennec's cirrhosis caused by enteric organism","volume":"60","author":"Conn","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197105000-00002","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: variations on a theme","volume":"50","author":"Conn","year":"1971","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31995-2","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: endemic or epidemic?","volume":"59","author":"Correia","year":"1975","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB8|cit8","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Identification of Enterobacteriaceae","author":"Edwards","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB9|cit9","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Lennette","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB10|cit10","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Anaerobe laboratory manual","author":"Holdeman","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90837-3","article-title":"Role of anaerobic bacteria in spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis","volume":"62","author":"Targan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33357-8","article-title":"Increased incidence of cholelithiasis in Laenner's cirrhosis: a postmortem evaluation of pathogenesis","volume":"63","author":"Nicholas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB13|cit13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations of 1022 consecutive autopsies in patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Renner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB14|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80189-8","article-title":"The abnormal hepatic scan of chronic liver disease: its relationship to hepatic hemodynamics and colloid extraction","volume":"71","author":"Horisawa","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840020402-BIB15|cit15","first-page":"A-77","article-title":"Direct measurement of intrahepatic shunting by the portal vein injection of microspheres","volume":"75","author":"Hoefs","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.1840020402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198207000-00001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T11:08:59Z","timestamp":1733051339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198207000-00001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840020402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,7]]}}}