{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:33:30Z","timestamp":1761597210612,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11872,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Studies by Liehr et al. suggest that endotoxins are important in the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis (Gal\u2013N hepatitis) in rats. Lactulose (9.1 gm per kg per day) prevents hepatic lesions induced by Gal\u2013N; an antiendotoxin effect of lactulose is postulated. However, commercial preparations of lactulose are contaminated with galactose, which shows a competitive action to Gal\u2013N. To analyze the effect of galactose, male Wistar rats were pretreated with lactulose (Duphalac\u00ae, 9.1 gm per kg per day) and given Gal\u2013N (375 mg per kg i.p.). After 24 hr, serum was analyzed for glutamic pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities. Pretreatment with Duphalac\u00ae, even 1 hr before Gal\u2013N, abolished toxicity. Duphalac\u00ae contains 10 gm galactose per 100 ml. Galactose was given in a similar concentration and similar inhibition occurred. Pretreatment with purified lactulose (9.1 gm per kg for 5 days) diminished the effects of Gal\u2013N but did not normalize enzyme concentrations. Because small doses of galactose (80 and 300 mg per kg) showed similar inhibitory effects, we conclude that the protective effect of commercial lactulose preparations is mainly due to galactose contamination and not to an antiendotoxin effect.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,5]],"date-time":"2010-07-05T12:49:16Z","timestamp":1278334156000},"page":"236-240","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Galactosamine Hepatitis, Endotoxemia, and Lactulose"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Hendrina","family":"Van Vugt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacobus","family":"Van Gool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lambert L.M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB1|cit1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Progress in liver disease","volume":"III","author":"Liehr","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB2|cit2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Endotoxins spill over in viral hepatitis","volume":"7","author":"Magliulo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB3|cit3","first-page":"242","article-title":"Control of endotoxinemia in liver disease by lactulose and paromomycin","volume":"58","author":"Scevola","year":"1979","journal-title":"Boll 1st Sieroter Milan"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB4|cit4","first-page":"325","volume-title":"The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease","author":"Liehr","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB5|cit5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Influence of liver-RES on toxic liver damage due to galactosamine","volume":"21","author":"Gr\u00fcn","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB6|cit6","first-page":"29","article-title":"Galactosamine-\u201cHepatitis\u201d in rats with different phagocytic activity of liver RES","volume":"22","author":"Rasenack","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB7|cit7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Significance of endotoxemia in experimental \u201cGalactosamine Hepatitis\u201d in the rat","volume":"24","author":"Gr\u00fcn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02889560","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis. Indications of extrahepatocellular mechanisms responsible for liver cell death","volume":"26","author":"Liehr","year":"1978","journal-title":"Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB9|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1710970115","article-title":"Production of fetal globulin after injury in rat and man","volume":"97","author":"Gool","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB10|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711120409","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of fetal \u03b12 globulin, an acute phase protein, on carrageenin edema in the rat","volume":"112","author":"Gool","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(78)90041-2","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of rat \u03b12 macro-fetoprotein (\u03b1 MFP) an acute phase globulin on galactosamine hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Gool","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp Molec Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB12|cit12","first-page":"356","article-title":"Lactulose- a drug with anti-endotoxin effect","volume":"27","author":"Liehr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB13|cit13","first-page":"296","article-title":"Treatment of endotoxemia in galactosamine hepatitis by lactulose administered intravenously","volume":"28","author":"Liehr","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB14|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90169-8","article-title":"Ten. Quantitative endotoxin determination in blood with a chromogenic substrate","volume":"116","author":"Thomas","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"first-page":"321","volume-title":"Biomedical applications of the horse shoe crab (limulidae)","year":"1979","key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB15|cit15"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB16|cit16","first-page":"927","article-title":"Ueber die primare und sekundare biochemische Antwort der Leber nach Gabe von D-Galaktosamin beim Zustandekommen der Galaktosaminhepatitis","volume":"79","author":"Reutter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Verh Dtsch Ges Int Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB17|cit17","first-page":"78","article-title":"Galactosamine hepatitis: key role of the nucleotide deficiency period in the pathogenesis of cell injury and cell death","volume":"71","author":"Decker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"first-page":"2608","volume-title":"Topley and Wilson's principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity","year":"1975","key":"10.1002\/hep.1840030217-BIB18|cit18"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.1840030217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198303000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T11:09:19Z","timestamp":1733051359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198303000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840030217","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0270-9139"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,3]]}}}