{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:07:44Z","timestamp":1786118864227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Supplement 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11322,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A critical step in the formation of cholesterol gallstones is nucleation (i.e., the formation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals from supersaturated bile). The rate of nucleation of cholesterol depends upon a critical balance between pronucleating and antinucleating factors in bile. Mucin, a high molecular weight glycoprotein secreted by the gallbladder and biliary duct epithelium, is a pronucleating agent in experimental and human gallstone disease. Gallbladder mucin shares with other epithelial mucins the ability to bind lipids and bile pigment. The hydrophobic binding sites in the polypeptide core of mucin may provide a favorable environment for nucleation of cholesterol monohydrate from supersaturated bile. In nearly all animal models of cholelithiasis, mucin hypersecretion is prominent. The stimulus for gallbladder mucin hypersecretion appears to be a component of lithogenic bile. Prostaglandins regulate mucin release in gallbladder epithelium\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and probably\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo.<\/jats:italic>\n                      In the cholesterol-fed prairie dog, blockage of mucin release with aspirin inhibits gallstone formation. These findings suggest that inhibition of mucin release may prevent cholesterol stone formation during high-risk periods or after dissolution therapy with bile salts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T05:50:44Z","timestamp":1221198644000},"page":"51S-56S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Role of Gallbladder Mucin in Pathophysiology of Gallstones"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Lamont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R. L.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196305000-00002","article-title":"The anatomy of gallstones","volume":"157","author":"Womack","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB2","first-page":"644","volume-title":"Classic descriptions of disease","author":"Morgagni","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1021\/j150331a019","article-title":"Colloidal phenomena in gallstones","volume":"36","author":"Wiser","year":"1932","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105794","article-title":"The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man","volume":"47","author":"Admirand","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107321","article-title":"Cholesterol solubility in bile: evidence that supersaturated bile is frequent in healthy man","volume":"52","author":"Holzbach","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108180","article-title":"Effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid composition in man","volume":"45","author":"Bennion","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90209-9","article-title":"Nucleation time: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease","volume":"72","author":"Holan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198006053022302","article-title":"Cholesterol crystals and the formation of cholesterol gallstones","volume":"302","author":"Sedaghat","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.9.836","article-title":"Nucleation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals from hepatic and gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones","volume":"24","author":"Gollish","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111204","article-title":"Biliary proteins: unique inhibitors of cholesterol crystal nucleation in human gallbladder bile","volume":"73","author":"Holzbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB11","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract","author":"Allen","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(75)90270-6","article-title":"Calcium binding to intestinal goblet cell mucin","volume":"336","author":"Forstner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90670-8","article-title":"Contribution of biliary lipids to calcium binding in bile","volume":"78","author":"Williamson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1970155","article-title":"A 70,000 molecular weight protein isolated from purified pig gastric mucus glycoprotein by reduction of disulphide bridges and its implication of the polymeric structure","volume":"197","author":"Pearson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(82)90490-3","article-title":"The composition and polymeric structure of mucus glycoprotein from human gallbladder bile","volume":"706","author":"Pearson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34757-9","article-title":"Lipid composition of the gastric mucous barrier in the rat","volume":"253","author":"Slomiany","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00533a017","article-title":"Isolation, purification and properties of respiratory mucus glycoprotein","volume":"21","author":"Woodward","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90029-X","article-title":"Bovine gallbladder mucin binds bilirubin in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB19","first-page":"846","article-title":"Role of sulfated glycoprotein in gallstone formation","volume":"132","author":"Maki","year":"1971","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020621","article-title":"A morphologic study of the liver and gallbladder in hemolysis-induced gallstone disease in mice","volume":"2","author":"Trotman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030211","article-title":"Gallbladder mucin secretion in mice with hemolytic anemia and pigment gallstones","volume":"3","author":"LaMont","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030316","article-title":"Mucin glycoprotein content of human pigment gallstones","volume":"3","author":"LaMont","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00533263","article-title":"Histochemical observations with the light and the electron microscope on the mucosubstances of the normal mouse gallbladder epithelial cells","volume":"42","author":"Wahlin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB24","first-page":"425","article-title":"Effect of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) on glycoprotein secretion from mouse gallbladder epithelium","volume":"171","author":"Wahlin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80128-0","article-title":"Cysteamine and prostaglandin F20 stimulate rat gastric mucin release","volume":"84","author":"LaMont","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB26","first-page":"G92","article-title":"Arachidonic acid stimulates mucin secretion in prairie dog gallbladder: organ culture studies","volume":"245","author":"LaMont","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)34508-1","article-title":"Mucous substances and viscosity of normal and pathologic bile","volume":"49","author":"Bouchier","year":"1965","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110209","article-title":"The role of gallbladder mucus hypersecretion in the evolution of cholesterol gallstones: studies in the prairie dog","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33822-3","article-title":"Biliary mucous substances in dihydrocholesterol-induced cholelithiasis","volume":"57","author":"Freston","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711340304","article-title":"Hypersecretion of mucus glycoprotein by the gallbladder epithelium in experimental cholelithiasis","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02535337","article-title":"Lysophosphatidylcho-line acyltransferase activity during experimental cholelithiasis","volume":"16","author":"Rutledge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB32","first-page":"699","article-title":"The effect of phosphatidylcholine on gallbladder function in the cat","volume":"101","author":"Neiderhiser","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516809084279","article-title":"Phospholipids in human hepatic bile, gallbladder bile and plasma in cases with acute cholelithiasis","volume":"21","author":"Gottfries","year":"1968","journal-title":"Scan J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB34","first-page":"234","article-title":"Purification, composition and some properties of colonic epithelial mucin glycoproteins","volume":"626","author":"LaMont","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB35","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evolution of morphologic changes in the gallbladder before stone formation in mice fed a cholesterol-cholic acid diet","volume":"108","author":"Lee","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.113.159","article-title":"Coagulating effect of calcium carbonate on sulfated glycoproteins isolated from pathological human bile","volume":"113","author":"Nagashima","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7466399","article-title":"Aspirin prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs","volume":"211","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90428-6","article-title":"Evidence for a potent nucleating factor in the gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones","volume":"85","author":"Burnstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"crKey-10.1002\/hep.1840040809-BIB38","first-page":"561","article-title":"Gastric mucosal barrier: hydrophobic lining to the lumen of the stomach","volume":"244","author":"Hills","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.1840040809","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01515467-198409002-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:11:01Z","timestamp":1786036261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01515467-198409002-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840040809","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]}}}