{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:54:34Z","timestamp":1784350474398,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Supplement 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11322,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Pigment gallstones are of two major types, black and earthy brown, each consisting of calcium salts of bilirubin and other anions, along with an unmeasured residue that is largely mucin glycoproteins. Studies in model systems indicate that the small proportion of unconjugated bilirubin in bile is solubilized by bile salts and that the ionized bilirubin is more soluble than the protonated diacid. Solubility is decreased by added lecithin but is unaffected by cholesterol. At the pH of bile, unconjugated bilirubin exists mainly as a monoanion with sufficient solubility in mixed micelles not to precipitate, were it not for the presence of calcium, which forms highly insoluble salts with unconjugated bilirubin anions. Supersaturation of bile with calcium bilirubinates is inhibited by bile salts, which bind calcium, reducing the activity of free calcium ions. When supersaturation occurs, usually due to increased concentrations of bilirubinate anion, nucleation may be initiated by binding of calcium bilirubinate to mucin glycoproteins in bile.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>In earthy brown stones, which form mainly in the bile ducts, the pigment is mostly calcium bilirubinate, combined with calcium palmitate. These components form due to hydrolysis, by enzymes in infecting bacteria, of conjugated bilirubin and lecithin, respectively. In black stones, which form mainly in the gallbladder, the pigment is mostly a highly cross-linked network polymer of bilirubin, which is insoluble in all solvents. Concomitant polymerization and oxidation of calcium bilirubinate probably occur in the solid state, after precipitation of the pigment due to hydrolysis of conjugated bilirubin by endogenous \u03b2-glucuronidase from the biliary tract and\/or liver. This may result from a diet-related decrease in inhibitors of \u03b2-glucuronidase in bile. In hemolytic states, increased concentrations of conjugated bilirubin in bile, providing more substrate for hydrolysis, may contribute also to black stone formation. Black stones also contain coprecipitated calcium phosphate and\/or carbonate, but the insoluble polymer renders them resistant to physical dissolution therapy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1221213522000},"page":"215S-222S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The Etiology of Pigment Gallstones"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Ostrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196607000-00010","article-title":"Pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstones: role of E. coli, \u03b2-glucuronidase, and coagulation by inorganic ions, polyelectrolytes, and agitation","volume":"165","author":"Maki","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80323-5","article-title":"Pigment gallstones","volume":"72","author":"Soloway","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.12.1.55","article-title":"A statistical survey of the composition of gallstones in eight countries","volume":"12","author":"Sutor","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01072458","article-title":"Pigment gallstone composition in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic subjects","volume":"23","author":"Trotman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80263-1","article-title":"Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: identification and quantitation by infrared spectroscopy","volume":"72","author":"Trotman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90356-X","article-title":"On the chemistry of \u201cblack\u201d pigment stones from the gallbladder","volume":"89","author":"Wosiewitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01070831","article-title":"Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: clinical and epidemiological aspects","volume":"20","author":"Trotman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01391633","article-title":"Bacteria and gallstones: etiological significance","volume":"26","author":"Tabata","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB9","first-page":"555","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of gallstones","volume":"49","author":"Hikasa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Jpn Chir"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000196857","article-title":"Gallstones: ethnological studies","volume":"1","author":"Miyake","year":"1968","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(78)90165-4","article-title":"Present features of gallstones in Japan: a collective review of 2,144 cases","volume":"135","author":"Nagase","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB12","first-page":"601","article-title":"Equilibrium swelling of pigment gallstones: evidence for network polymer structure","volume":"21","author":"Black","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bio-polymers"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198103000-00013","article-title":"Black pigment in polybili-rubinate gallstones","volume":"193","author":"Burnett","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.85.396","article-title":"On black pigment gallstones, with special reference to comparison with bilirubin derivatives","volume":"85","author":"Suzuki","year":"1965","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00440357","article-title":"On \u201cpolymer pigments\u201d in human gallstones","volume":"65","author":"Wosiewitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516309051336","article-title":"On the pigment in biliary calculi","volume":"15","author":"Bogren","year":"1963","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516309079772","article-title":"Crystalline components of biliary calculi","volume":"15","author":"Bogren","year":"1963","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB18","first-page":"101","article-title":"The crystalline salts of calcium bilirubinate in human gallstones","volume":"53","author":"Sutor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Sci Molec Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB19","first-page":"602","article-title":"Quantitative microanalysis of gallstones","volume":"72","author":"Nakayama","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.11.7.618","article-title":"Calcium palmitate and a-palmitic acid in gallstones","volume":"11","author":"Sutor","year":"1970","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030316","article-title":"Mucin glycoprotein content of human pigment gallstones","volume":"3","author":"LaMont","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB22","first-page":"533","article-title":"Carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in human hepatic and gallbladder bile, gallbladder mucosa, and gallstones","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Sci Molec Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.98.81","article-title":"Histochemical study on mucopolysaccharides in calcium bilirubinate gallstones","volume":"98","author":"Maki","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.6.487","article-title":"The organic matrix of gallstones","volume":"15","author":"Sutor","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80224-3","article-title":"Microstructure of gallstones","volume":"76","author":"Been","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3061(00)80028-9","article-title":"Transition metal ions in human gallstones","volume":"9","author":"Burnett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bioinorg Chem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB27","first-page":"301","article-title":"Metabolic aspects of trace metal content of gallstones and gallbladders","volume":"138","author":"Markkanen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB28","first-page":"233","article-title":"On metal elements in pure pigment gallstones","volume":"116","author":"Suzuki","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(80)91155-9","article-title":"The use of 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance for the characterization of cholesterol and bilirubin pigment composition of human gallstones","volume":"93","author":"Zilm","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(82)91545-5","article-title":"Chemical characterization of pigment gallstones, using 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis","volume":"107","author":"Woolfenden","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90358-X","article-title":"Unconjugated bilirubin, and the hydrolysis of conjugated bilirubin, in gallbladder bile of patients with cholelithiasis","volume":"74","author":"Boonyapisit","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB32","first-page":"417","article-title":"Studies on bilirubin in biliary tract disease","volume":"36","author":"Inoue","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Med (Fukuoka)"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB33","first-page":"488","article-title":"Studies on the chemical composition of gallbladder bile and gallstone, especially on the difference in the process of gallstone formation between cholesterol stone and bile pigment stone","volume":"56","author":"Izumi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Fukuoka Acta Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB34","first-page":"353","article-title":"Composition of bile pigment in gallstones and bile, and their etiological significance","volume":"93","author":"Masuda","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB35","first-page":"605","article-title":"Bile from gallbladder harbouring gallstones: can it indicate stone formation?","volume":"136","author":"Nakayama","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(71)90337-0","article-title":"Bile composition, Sweden vs. Japan: its possible significance in the difference in gallstone incidence","volume":"122","author":"Nakayama","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stratification of human gallbladder bile in vivo","volume":"256","author":"Tera","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01073011","article-title":"Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: comparison of stone and bile composition","volume":"19","author":"Trotman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030207","article-title":"Analysis of bilirubins in biological fluids by extraction and thin-layer chromatography of the intact tetrapyrroles: application to bile of patients with Gilbert's syndrome, hemolysis, or cholelithiasis","volume":"3","author":"Fevery","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107062","article-title":"Bilirubin conjugates in bile of man and rat in the normal state and in liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Fevery","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(77)90469-7","article-title":"Calcium in bile and calcium salts in gallstones","volume":"79","author":"Sutor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.1.86","article-title":"Ionized calcium in pathological human bile","volume":"33","author":"Sutor","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(82)90079-0","article-title":"Lipids of pigment gallstones","volume":"712","author":"Robins","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/262326a0","article-title":"Structure of bilirubin","volume":"262","author":"Bonnett","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/recl.19550740112","article-title":"The solubility of bilirubin","volume":"74","author":"Overbeek","year":"1955","journal-title":"Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30230-2","article-title":"Bilirubin solubility and interaction with albumin and phospholipid","volume":"254","author":"Brodersen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.20-2895","article-title":"Dimerization of bilirubin anion in aqueous solution","volume":"20","author":"Brodersen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Chem Scand"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1790675","article-title":"Self-association of unconjugated bilirubin IXa in aqueous solution at pH 10.0, and physico-chemical interactions with bile salt monomers and micelles","volume":"179","author":"Carey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1200311","article-title":"Isolation and properties of conjugated bilirubin from bile","volume":"120","author":"Ostrow","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB50","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Chemistry and physiology of bile pigments","volume":"35","author":"Ostrow","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80077-2","article-title":"Interactions between ionized calcium and sodium taurocholate. Bile salts are important buffers for prevention of calcium-containing gallstones","volume":"83","author":"Moore","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1810061","article-title":"Interaction of calcium ions with glycocholate micelles in aqueous solution","volume":"181","author":"Williamson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90670-8","article-title":"Contribution of biliary lipids to calcium-binding in bile","volume":"78","author":"Williamson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(82)90010-8","article-title":"The binding of Ca2+ to taurine-and glycine-conjugated bile salt micelles","volume":"711","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90413-8","article-title":"The effect of bile on the crystallization of calcium carbonate, a constituent of gallstones","volume":"89","author":"Sutor","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.4.740","article-title":"New concepts of phototherapy: photoiso-merization of bilirubin IXa and potential toxic effects of light","volume":"65","author":"Cohen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01391450","article-title":"The effect of elimination of environmental light on the metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin in the Gunn rat","volume":"27","author":"Zenone","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80052-2","article-title":"Hemolysis-induced gallstones in mice: increased unconjugated bilirubin in hepatic bile predisposes to gallstone formation","volume":"81","author":"Trotman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB59","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Phototherapy in the newborn: an overview","author":"Ostrow","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.77.179","article-title":"A study on the activity of 0-glucuroni-dase in bile in connection with precipitation of calcium bilirubinate","volume":"77","author":"Maki","year":"1962","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.84.154","article-title":"Further study of 0-glucuronidase activity of bile in cases with calcium bilirubinate stones","volume":"84","author":"Sato","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB62","first-page":"301","article-title":"Die Aktivitat der \u03b2-glucuron-idase in der Galle vom Cholesterin- und Pigmentsteintragern","volume":"17","author":"Wosiewitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ztschr Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-167-41170","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of bile acids on the activity of human \u03b2-glucuronidase at its optimal pH","volume":"167","author":"Ho","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol (NY)"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80145-5","article-title":"Effects of diet on glucaric acid concentration in bile and the formation of calcium bilirubinate gallstones","volume":"72","author":"Matsushiro","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.87.123","article-title":"Quantitative determination of D-glucaric acid in bile in relation to inhibitory effect of bile on \u03b2-glucuronidase","volume":"87","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB66","first-page":"482","article-title":"Absorption by the gallbladder of bile salts, sulfobrom-ophthalein, and iodipamide","volume":"74","author":"Ostrow","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90209-9","article-title":"Nucleation time. A key factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease","volume":"77","author":"Holan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90428-6","article-title":"Evidence for a potent nucleating factor in the gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones","volume":"85","author":"Burnstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110209","article-title":"Role of gallbladder mucus hypersecretion in the evolution of cholesterol gallstones","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.84.259","article-title":"On mechanism of coagulation and solidification of gallstone ingredients in bile","volume":"84","author":"Maki","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90029-X","article-title":"Bovine gallbladder mucin binds bilirubin in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/35.1.45","article-title":"Aspects of free-radical reactions in biological systems: aging","volume":"35","author":"Liebovitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB73","unstructured":"Ostrow JD. Thesis in biochemistry. University of London, 1970."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB74","first-page":"145","article-title":"Das Fakal-Pigment","volume":"14","author":"Von Dobeneck","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Biochem"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840-BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528109182004","article-title":"Alternating treatment of common bile duct stones with a modified glyceryl-1-monooctan-oate preparation and a bile acid-EDTA solution by nasobiliary tube","volume":"16","author":"Leuschner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.1840040840","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198409002-00039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T11:07:52Z","timestamp":1733051272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-198409002-00039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840040840","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]}}}