{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:41:08Z","timestamp":1761662468015,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11141,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>We tested sera collected between 1976 and 1984 from 362 persons in a variety of epidemiologic categories with acute and chronic hepatitis B and from 76 hemophiliacs and drug addicts with hepatitis B antibodies for hepatitis D markers. Hepatitis D markers were common in hemophiliacs, drug addicts, Afghanistanis, prisoners and hemodialysis patients; rare in persons from other hepatitis\u2013B endemic areas, persons with sporadic hepatitis B and homosexual men; and absent in health\u2013care workers and institutionalized mentally retarded persons. No change was observed in the frequency of this infection during the 9 years of this study. We found hepatitis D markers in 5% of patients with acute hepatitis B, 1 of 3 with fulminant hepatitis and in 4 (1 in a homosexual male) of 12 episodes of acute hepatitis in hepatitis B carriers. Hepatitis D markers were more frequent in chronic liver disease (18%) than in asymptomatic hepatitis B carriage (2%), but there was no association between severity of chronic hepatitis and hepatitis D. These findings indicate that, to date, health\u2013care workers and institutionalized mentally retarded persons have been spared from infection with this agent but suggest that homosexual males may not continue to be spared. Even in an area nonendemic for hepatitis D, this agent contributed to 20 to 30% of chronic hepatitis B and acute hepatitis superimposed on chronic hepatitis B infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T17:59:21Z","timestamp":1172944761000},"page":"188-191","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Epidemiology and Clinical Impact of Hepatitis D Virus (Delta) Infection"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ira M.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jules L.","family":"Dienstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara G.","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doreen B.","family":"Brettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isa K.","family":"Mushahwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.12.997","volume":"18","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB2","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and delta infection","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1983","unstructured":", , et al. Nomenclature: a proposal to designate the delta agent as hepatitis D virus. In: , , eds. Viral hepatitis and delta infection. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983: xx\u2013xxi."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.1.318","volume":"125","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.5.590","volume":"141","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.10.6124","volume":"77","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840010207","volume":"1","author":"Bonino","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80003-0","volume":"81","author":"Smedile","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.4.472","volume":"146","author":"Hansson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80243-1","volume":"85","author":"Govindarajan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-437","volume":"98","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90305-0","volume":"85","author":"Colombo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90156-8","volume":"2","author":"Smedile","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80153-5","volume":"86","author":"Govindarajan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91678-5","volume":"1","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.4.768","volume":"148","author":"Nordenfelt","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB16","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and delta infection","author":"Nordenfelt","year":"1983","unstructured":", , et al. Aspects on the epidemiology of delta agent among Arabs. In: , eds. Viral hepatitis and delta infection. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983: 161\u2013165."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-3-339","volume":"100","author":"Hadler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.1.18","volume":"145","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB19","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and liver disease","author":"Mushahwar","year":"1984","unstructured":". Prevalence of delta antigen and anti-delta detected by immunoassays in various HBsAg positive populations (abstract). In: , eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1984: 617."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB20","first-page":"153","volume":"81","author":"Lesser","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB21","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and delta infection","author":"Mushahwar","year":"1983","unstructured":". Prevalence of anti-delta in various HBsAg-positive populations. In: , eds. Viral hepatitis and delta infection. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1983: 269."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92561-3","volume":"2","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB23","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and delta infection","author":"Jian-yin","year":"1983","unstructured":". Delta infection in Chinese carriers of the HBsAg. In: , eds. Viral hepatitis and delta infection. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983: 295\u2013296."},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90184-7","volume":"87","author":"Ponzetto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840050205-BIB25","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis and delta infection","author":"Purcell","year":"1983","unstructured":", , et al. Experimental transmission of the delta agent to chimpanzees. In: , eds. Viral hepatitis and delta infection. New York: Alan R. 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