{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:22:20Z","timestamp":1759335740989,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":8492,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Sera from 103 patients were tested for hepatitis C virus RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Using primers from the highly conserved 5\u2032untranslated region, we detected hepatitis C virus RNA in 67 (88.2%) of 76 patients positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus by both second\u2013generation and neutralization enzyme immunoassays. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in 93% of patients who had been infected for 10 yr or less and in 89% of those who had been infected for longer than 10 yr. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in all patients with chronic hepatitis, active cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma and in 50% of those with nonspecific reactive hepatitis or inactive cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus RNA was not detected in sera from 22 patients negative for antibody to hepatitis C virus or in 5 patients positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus by second\u2013generation but not by neutralization enzyme immunoassay. Using primers from the less conserved nonstructural region 4, we detected hepatitis C virus RNA at a lower frequency, in 66% of patients who were positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus by both secondgeneration and neutralization enzyme immunoassays. The detection rate was higher in patients with frequent parenteral exposure.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Our study showed that hepatitis C viremia can be detected in most patients with hepatitis C virus infection, including those with long\u2013standing infection or advanced liver disease. (Hepatology 1992;15:1007-1012).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T00:42:06Z","timestamp":1172968926000},"page":"1007-1012","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Hepatitis C Viremia in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna S.F.","family":"Lok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsey","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2523562","volume":"244","author":"Choo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2496467","volume":"244","author":"Kuo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90485-6","volume":"2","author":"Esteban","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140503","volume":"14","author":"Lok","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130505","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91124-S","volume":"335","author":"Makris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91015-5","volume":"2","author":"Bruix","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB8","first-page":"1007","volume":"2","author":"Colombo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120409","volume":"12","author":"Kiyosawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-4-277","volume":"114","author":"Tremolada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911303212202","volume":"321","author":"Alter","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92487-3","volume":"336","author":"Garson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107113250205","volume":"325","author":"Farci","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140109","volume":"14","author":"Cristiano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB15.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/339237a0","volume":"339","author":"Kwok","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB15.2","first-page":"490","volume":"339","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB16","first-page":"215","volume":"60","author":"Okamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.5.1711","volume":"88","author":"Han","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"year":"1991","author":"Wang","key":"10.1002\/hep.1840150606-BIB18","unstructured":", , , , . Hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis C infection. 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