{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:09:26Z","timestamp":1791144566703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":8400,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Cell\u2013mediated immunity and macrophage activity, especially that of Kupffer cells, are impaired during cholestasis. Some evidence exists that bile acids play a role in these immune defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of individual bile acids on immunity and to determine whether monocytes could be a target. We assessed the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid, an endogenous bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, which has been shown to partially correct the immunological abnormalities observed in primary biliary cirrhosis, and their tauroconjugates on the production of interleukin\u20131, interleukin\u20136 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. Chenodeoxycholic acid had a dose\u2013dependent inhibitory effect on interleukin\u20131 (inhibitory concentration 50% = 60 m\u00a8mol\/L), interleukin\u20136 (inhibitory concentration 50% = 80 m\u00a8mol\/L) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (inhibitory concentration 50% = 80 m\u00a8mol\/L) production; inhibition was almost complete at 250 m\u00a8mol\/L. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid had lesser or minimal inhibitory effects (inhibitory concentration 50% = 100 m\u00a8mol\/L for interleukin\u20131 and above 200 m\u00a8mol\/L for interleukin\u20136 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1). The inhibitory effects of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were similar to those of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, respectively. Ursodeoxycholic acid did not reverse the chenodeoxycholic acid-induced inhibition of interleukin\u20136 or tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 production. In conclusion, chenodeoxycholic acid exerts strong inhibitory effects on monocyte activity <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>, whereas the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid are minor. (Hepatology 1992;16:719-723.)<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T01:06:16Z","timestamp":1172970376000},"page":"719-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Differential Effects of Chenodeoxycholic and Ursodeoxycholic Acids on Interleukin 1, Interleukin 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Production by Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yvon","family":"Calmus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Guechot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Podevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Bonnefis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Giboudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Poupon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198711000-00004","volume":"206","author":"Roughneen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710326","volume":"71","author":"Armstrong","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750219","volume":"75","author":"Cainzos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6025.1568","volume":"1","author":"Drivas","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/180503a0","volume":"180","author":"Halpern","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198807000-00008","volume":"296","author":"Feduccia","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721203","volume":"72","author":"Pain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90570-3","volume":"78","author":"Gianni","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB9","first-page":"439","volume":"95","author":"Keane","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110104","volume":"11","author":"Calmus","year":"1990","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242204","volume":"324","author":"Poupon","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.12.2676681","volume":"3","author":"Mizel","year":"1989","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB13","first-page":"943","volume":"1","author":"O'Garra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(77)90137-5","volume":"14","author":"Tucker","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB15","first-page":"842","volume":"106","author":"Haga","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90169-Q","volume":"56","author":"Kakumu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.1840160317-BIB17","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Clinics in gastroenterology: bile acids","author":"Stiehl","year":"1977","unstructured":"Disturbances of bile acid metabolism in cholestasis. 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