{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:17:39Z","timestamp":1784801859033,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4079,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Association for the Study of the Liver (GASL)"},{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>In this randomized controlled multicenter trial, we compared endoscopic variceal banding ligation (VBL) with propranolol (PPL) for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. One hundred fifty-two cirrhotic patients with 2 or more esophageal varices (diameter &gt;5 mm) without prior bleeding were randomized to VBL (n = 75) or PPL (n = 77). The groups were well matched with respect to baseline characteristics (age 56 \u00b1 10 years, alcoholic etiology 51%, Child-Pugh score 7.2 \u00b1 1.8). The mean follow-up was 34 \u00b1 19 months. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Neither bleeding incidence nor mortality differed significantly between the 2 groups. Variceal bleeding occurred in 25% of the VBL group and in 29% of the PPL group. The actuarial risks of bleeding after 2 years were 20% (VBL) and 18% (PPL). Fatal bleeding was observed in 12% (VBL) and 10% (PPL). It was associated with the ligation procedure in 2 patients (2.6%). Overall mortality was 45% (VBL) and 43% (PPL) with the 2-year actuarial risks being 28% (VBL) and 22% (PPL). 25% of patients withdrew from PPL treatment, 16% due to side effects. <jats:underline>In conclusion<\/jats:underline>, VBL and PPL were similarly effective for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. VBL should be offered to patients who are not candidates for long-term PPL treatment. (Hepatology 2004;40:65-72.)<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,30]],"date-time":"2004-06-30T21:28:05Z","timestamp":1088630885000},"page":"65-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Ligation versus propranolol for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in 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