{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:07:55Z","timestamp":1763456875543,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3895,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>The biliary epithelial cell (BEC) is the target for several human immune mediated liver diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis, but it is not always clear whether the BEC functions as an accessory cell or an antigen presenting cell, although it is well documented that BECs express high levels of human leukocyte antigen Class II, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and lymphocyte function\u2013associated antigen-3. To examine this issue, we established autoreactive T-cell clones from human leukocyte antigen\u2013DR53 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and characterized BEC function as a function of the ability of BECs to regulate T-cell activation. We report herein that BEC-mediated T-cell activation occurs partially via programmed death 1 ligands in a cell-contact\u2013dependent manner. Further, such activation occurs via prostaglandin E2 production in a cell-contact\u2013independent fashion. Moreover, the production of prostaglandin E2 was partially controlled by interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1<\/jats:bold>. <jats:bold>\n                                    In conclusion,\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>the regulatory activities of BECs are important for the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. Further, modulation of BEC function may be used for therapeutic modulation. (Hepatology 2005;41:151\u2013159.)<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1104540740000},"page":"151-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Biliary epithelial cells regulate autoreactive T cells: Implications for biliary-specific 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