{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:46:47Z","timestamp":1761630407089,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Supplement 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3499,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Liver transplantation radically changed the philosophy of hepatology practice, enriched multiple areas of basic science, and had pervasive ripple effects in law, public policy, ethics, and theology. Why organ engraftment was feasible remained enigmatic, however, until the discovery in 1992 of donor leukocyte microchimerism in long-surviving liver, and other kinds of organ recipients. Following this discovery, the leukocyte chimerism-associated mechanisms were elucidated that directly linked organ and bone marrow transplantation and eventually clarified the relationship of transplantation immunology to the immunology of infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune disorders. We describe here how the initially controversial paradigm shift mandated revisions of cherished dogmas. With the fresh insight, the reasons for numerous inexplicable phenomena of transplantation either became obvious or have become susceptible to discriminate experimental testing. The therapeutic implications of the \u201cnew immunology\u201d in hepatology and in other medical disciplines, have only begun to be explored. Apart from immunology, physiologic investigations of liver transplantation have resulted in the discovery of growth factors (beginning with insulin) that are involved in the regulation of liver size, ultrastructure, function, and the capacity for regeneration. Such studies have partially explained functional and hormonal relationships of different abdominal organs, and ultimately they led to the cure or palliation by liver transplantation of more than 2 dozen hepatic-based inborn errors of metabolism. Liver transplantation should not be viewed as a purely technologic achievement, but rather as a searchlight whose beams have penetrated the murky mist of the past, and continue to potentially illuminate the future.<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,31]],"date-time":"2006-01-31T01:16:28Z","timestamp":1138670188000},"page":"S151-S163","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Unfinished Legacy of Liver Transplantation: Emphasis on Immunology"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Starzl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi G.","family":"Lakkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20241202","first-page":"54","article-title":"A note on transplantation of the whole liver in dogs","volume":"2","author":"Welch","year":"1955","journal-title":"Transplant Bull"},{"key":"R2-14-20241202","first-page":"7","article-title":"Brief report","volume":"3","author":"Cannon","year":"1956","journal-title":"Transplant Bull"},{"key":"R3-14-20241202","first-page":"733","article-title":"Reconstructive problems in canine liver homotransplantation with special reference to the postoperative role of hepatic venous flow","volume":"111","author":"Starzl","year":"1960","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R4-14-20241202","first-page":"374","article-title":"Experimental whole organ transplantation of the liver and of the spleen","volume":"152","author":"Moore","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R5-14-20241202","first-page":"28","article-title":"Mass homotransplantation of abdominal organs in dogs","volume":"11","author":"Starzl","year":"1960","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"R6-14-20241202","first-page":"385","article-title":"The reversal of rejection in human renal homografts with subsequent development of homograft tolerance","volume":"117","author":"Starzl","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R7-14-20241202","first-page":"900","article-title":"Extracorporeal perfusion for obtaining postmortem homografts","volume":"54","author":"Marchioro","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R8-14-20241202","first-page":"659","article-title":"Homotransplantation of the liver in humans","volume":"117","author":"Starzl","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R9-14-20241202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196409000-00007","article-title":"Immunosuppression after experimental and clinical homotransplantation of the liver","volume":"160","author":"Starzl","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R10-14-20241202","first-page":"17","article-title":"Physiologic requirements for auxiliary liver homotransplantation","volume":"121","author":"Marchioro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R11-14-20241202","first-page":"131","article-title":"Factors determining short- and long-term survival after orthotopic liver homotransplantation in the dog","volume":"58","author":"Starzl","year":"1965","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R13-14-20241202","first-page":"301","article-title":"The use of heterologous antilymphoid agents in canine renal and liver homotransplantation and in human renal homotransplantation","volume":"124","author":"Starzl","year":"1967","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R14-14-20241202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1966.tb12873.x","article-title":"Serotyping for homotransplantation. 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