{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:49:08Z","timestamp":1791132548138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3471,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Chronic hepatitis B is usually a benign disease in Caucasian children; however, the long-term prognosis remains unsettled. This report describes the results of a 29-year longitudinal study including 99 white children with chronic hepatitis B, mainly acquired horizontally: 91 were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive (4 had cirrhosis), and 8 were HBeAg negative at presentation. Of the 91 HBeAg-positive children, 89 underwent HBeAg seroconversion after a mean period of 5.2 \u00b1 4.0 years and were included in the study. Of the 85 children without cirrhosis, one had HBeAg-negative hepatitis and the other 84 became inactive carriers. During a mean follow-up of 14.5 \u00b1 6.1 years after HBeAg seroclearance, 4 carriers experienced reactivation, and 3 of them had HBeAg-negative hepatitis at the last follow-up. Of the 8 initially HBeAg-negative children, 2 had HBeAg-negative hepatitis, and 6 were inactive carriers. Of the 4 children with cirrhosis, 2 had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and remained alive and 2 lost the histological features of cirrhosis in adulthood. Two patients with HBeAg-negative hepatitis and 1 with cirrhosis had experienced drug abuse. At the end of follow-up, 15 of the 89 initially HBeAg-positive patients and 2 of 8 initially HBeAg-negative children had cleared hepatitis B surface antigen.<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    In conclusion\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>, the overall prognosis for chronic hepatitis B in horizontally infected Caucasian children is favorable; however, some patients progress to HCC and HBeAg-negative hepatitis. Long-term monitoring is important, as is counseling on cofactors of liver damage, such as alcohol and drug abuse. (Hepatology 2006;43:556\u2013562.)<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,22]],"date-time":"2006-02-22T20:18:01Z","timestamp":1140639481000},"page":"556-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: Final report of a 29-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Bortolotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuela","family":"Bartolacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cadrobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Crivellaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Noventa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Morsica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Moriondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211155","article-title":"From hepatitis to hepatoma: lessons from type B viral hepatitis.","volume":"262","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R2-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.24839","article-title":"Management of hepatitis B. 2000, Summary of workshop.","volume":"120","author":"Lok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R3-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infections: natural history and clinical consequences.","volume":"250","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013215","article-title":"Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.","volume":"347","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R5-24-20241201","first-page":"E16","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in children.","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R6-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080527","article-title":"A longitudinal followup of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigenpositive Chinese children.","volume":"8","author":"Lok","year":"1988","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R7-24-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-828674","article-title":"The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.","volume":"24","author":"McMahon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R8-24-20241201","first-page":"185","article-title":"Chronic viral hepatitis in childhood. 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