{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1778853567768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3226,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C (HCV) may provide protection against reinfection. In a large community-based cohort study of 3,553 inner-city residents (mainly injection drug users), we identified HCV-infected individuals in whom virological clearance had occurred and compared the rate of reinfection in this group with that observed in previously uninfected members of the same cohort. We identified 926 HCV-uninfected and 658 HCV-infected viremic subjects at baseline, with 152 of 658 (23.1%) spontaneously clearing viremia over a median follow-up of 5.2 years (IQR, 2.8-7.4). At baseline, individuals with HCV clearance were more likely to be HIV coinfected (<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>&lt; .001) and to be engaged in frequent illicit drug use (<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>= .004) and injection drug use (<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>&lt; .001). The occurrence of HCV infection was lower in individuals with previous infection (14\/152, 9.2%) compared with that in those without previous infection (172\/926, 18.6%), with incidence rates of 1.8 (95% CI, 0.9-3.0 cases\/100 person-years) and 8.1 (95% CI, 6.9-9.4 cases\/100 person-years) cases\/100 person-years, respectively, after accounting for follow-up. In a logistic regression analysis, with previous HCV infection assessed as a covariate with other potential confounding variables (age, sex, ethnicity, HIV infection, housing status, and illicit and injection drug use), individuals with previous HCV infection and viral clearance were 4 times less likely to develop infection than those infected for the first time (adjusted odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.51,<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>&lt; .001).<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    In conclusion\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>, individuals with clearance of HCV infection may have a lower risk of acquiring HCV than individuals who have never been infected, despite ongoing exposure to HCV.<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,20]],"date-time":"2006-10-20T19:16:44Z","timestamp":1161371804000},"page":"1139-1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Hepatitis C virus reinfection in injection drug users"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Grebely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Tyndall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70216-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"5","author":"Shepard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199806000-00012","article-title":"measures targeted at injecting drug users.","volume":"12","author":"Van Ameijden","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R3-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199507000-00005","article-title":"Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users.","volume":"74","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R4-10-20241201","first-page":"889","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection.","volume":"165","author":"Patrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"R5-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.05.003","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C.","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R6-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial.","volume":"358","author":"Manns","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020047","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"347","author":"Fried","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R8-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864779","article-title":"Management and treatment of injection drug users with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCVhuman immunodeficiency virus coinfection.","volume":"25","author":"Dore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R10-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.3125-3127.2000","article-title":"Two successive hepatitis C virus infections in an intravenous drug user.","volume":"38","author":"Proust","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R11-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0270-9139(03)80272-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection within a cohort of injecting drug users. Abstract 229.","volume":"38","author":"Micallef","year":"2003","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R12-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91224-6","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus in multiple episodes of acute hepatitis in polytransfused thalassaemic children.","volume":"343","author":"Lai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)01723-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C reinfection after liver transplantation in relation to virus genotype.","volume":"31","author":"Tisone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R14-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1279801","article-title":"Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus.","volume":"258","author":"Farci","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R15-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4781-4793.2003","article-title":"Kinetics of CD4 and CD8 memory Tcell responses during hepatitis C virus rechallenge of previously recovered chimpanzees.","volume":"77","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R16-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.3.1575-1581.2004","article-title":"Crossgenotype immunity to hepatitis C virus.","volume":"78","author":"Lanford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R17-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030239","article-title":"Memory CD8 T cells are required for protection from persistent hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"197","author":"Shoukry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R18-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.3.1725-1730.1998","article-title":"Immunity in chimpanzees chronically infected with hepatitis C virus: role of minor quasispecies in reinfection.","volume":"72","author":"Wyatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R19-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08435-0","article-title":"Protection against persistence of hepatitis C.","volume":"359","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R20-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360706","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis C.","volume":"36","author":"Seeff","year":"2002","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R22-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088774","article-title":"HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help.","volume":"302","author":"Grakoui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R23-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24371","article-title":"Protective immune response to hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees rechallenged following clearance of primary infection.","volume":"33","author":"Bassett","year":"2001","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R24-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(06)80447-2","article-title":"Reinfection with the hepatitis C virus: kinetics of viral clearance and multiparameter analysis of CD4 Tcell response. Abstract 447.","volume":"44","author":"Weseslindtner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R25-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00640.x","article-title":"Viral evolution of hepatitis C in injection drug users.","volume":"12","author":"Dove","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"R26-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1086\/321005","article-title":"Racial differences in HLA class II associations with hepatitis C virus outcomes.","volume":"184","author":"Thio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R27-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4792-4797.2002","article-title":"HLACw04 and hepatitis C virus persistence.","volume":"76","author":"Thio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R28-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097670","article-title":"HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"305","author":"Khakoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R29-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/425361","article-title":"Infrequent reinfection after successful treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users.","volume":"39","author":"Backmund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"R30-10-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S336","DOI":"10.1086\/427449","article-title":"Followup studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users.","volume":"40","author":"Dalgard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.21376","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200611000-00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T13:04:24Z","timestamp":1733058264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200611000-00010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21376","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}