{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:12:04Z","timestamp":1780657924142,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":3196,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>An epidemiological association between cigarette smoking and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been demonstrated. Our aim was to determine the relationship between smoking and severity of liver fibrosis at presentation in patients with PBC. All patients with PBC seen at the three major teaching hospitals of Case Western Reserve University between October 1998 and December 2005 were identified. Data obtained at the time of the first evaluation leading to the PBC diagnosis on 97 patients were collected. The cumulative number of cigarette packs smoked per year (pack-years) was calculated. Advanced histological disease was defined as Ludwig stages 3 or 4. Analyses were performed to determine associations between advanced histological disease, smoking and other variables related to liver fibrosis. Smoking history was more common (<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>= .0008) in patients with advanced histological disease at presentation compared to those with early disease. Among smokers, mean lifetime tobacco consumption was higher (<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>= .04) in cases with advanced histological disease at presentation (30 pack-years) compared to cases with early disease (17 pack-years). Logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between a lifetime tobacco consumption of \u226510 pack-years and advanced histological disease at presentation (OR = 13.3). The association remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, and alcohol intake. The validity of these results was corroborated by cross-validation in an independent confirmatory set of 172 patients with PBC.<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    In conclusion\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>, smoking may accelerate the progression of PBC. This could be induced by exposure to chemicals in cigarette smoke.<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1164747758000},"page":"1564-1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Smoking and increased severity of hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: A cross validated retrospective assessment"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Claudia O.","family":"Zein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony B.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Debanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur J.","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.4.305","article-title":"Presentation and mortality of primary biliary cirrhosis in older patients.","volume":"29","author":"Newton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R2-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00413-0","article-title":"Tainturier MH, et al; PANFIBROSIS Group. A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases.","volume":"38","author":"Poynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R3-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20463","article-title":"Progression of liver fibrosis in women infected with hepatitis C; long term benefit of estrogen exposure.","volume":"40","author":"Di Martino","year":"2004","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R4-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1381\/0960892053576820","article-title":"Predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in morbidly obese patients.","volume":"15","author":"Ong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"R5-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.20240","article-title":"The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cirrhosis.","volume":"32","author":"Corpechot","year":"2000","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R6-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.7050","article-title":"An exploratory population based case control study of primary biliary cirrhosis.","volume":"31","author":"Howel","year":"2000","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R7-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21165","article-title":"Risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in a cohort of patients from the United States.","volume":"33","author":"ParikhPatel","year":"2001","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R8-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20907","article-title":"Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: A controlled interviewbased study of 1032 patients and 1041 randomdigit dialed matched controls from the United States.","volume":"42","author":"Gershwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R9-27-20241201","first-page":"209A","article-title":"Case control studies support the association of environmental and genetic risk factors with primary biliary cirrhosis. Abstract 33.","volume":"42","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R10-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21076","article-title":"Increased prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis near Superfund toxic waste sites.","volume":"43","author":"Ala","year":"2006","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R11-27-20241201","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among adults United States, 2004.","volume":"54","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R12-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432479","article-title":"Staging of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis).","volume":"379","author":"Ludwig","year":"1978","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol"},{"key":"R13-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25385","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and hepatic lesions in patients with chronic heaptitis C.","volume":"34","author":"Pessione","year":"2001","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R14-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.126","article-title":"Impact of Smoking of histological liver lesions in chronic hepatitis C.","volume":"52","author":"Hezode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R15-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.019","article-title":"Relationship between smoking and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.","volume":"4","author":"Dev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R16-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-004-6247-0","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IgE levels in identical twins with varying levels of cigarette consumption.","volume":"24","author":"Cozen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R18-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4020","article-title":"IL13 activates a mechanism of tissue fibrosis that is completely TGFbeta independent.","volume":"173","author":"Kaviratne","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R19-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1471-1479.2006","article-title":"Interleukin (IL5) augments the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating IL13 activity.","volume":"74","author":"Reiman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R20-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01087.x","article-title":"Effect of IL4 and IL13 on collagen production in cultured L190 human hepatic stellate cells.","volume":"25","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"R21-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300604","article-title":"Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.","volume":"30","author":"Angulo","year":"1999","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R22-27-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38779.584028.55","article-title":"Active and passive smoking and development of glucose intolerance among young adults in a prospective cohort: CARDIA study.","volume":"332","author":"Houston","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.21423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200612000-00027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T13:11:44Z","timestamp":1733058704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200612000-00027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21423","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}