{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:21:56Z","timestamp":1788308516834,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2922,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an uncommon chronic cholestatic liver disease that primarily afflicts young and middle-aged Caucasian women; there are limited data on the clinical presentation and disease severity among non-Caucasian patients with this disease. The goal of this study was to examine differences in the severity of liver disease between Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients with PBC screened for enrollment in a large national multicenter clinical trial. Demographic features, symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests obtained during screening were examined in 535 patients with PBC with respect to ethnicity, gender, and antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) status; 73 of 535 (13.6%) were non-Caucasian (21 were African American, and 42 were Hispanic). Non-Caucasians were more likely than Caucasians to be ineligible for participation in the clinical trial (46.5% versus 25.1%,<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>= 0.0001), primarily because of greater disease severity. African Americans and Hispanics were also more likely to have a lower activity level, more severe pruritus, and more advanced disease. However, the mean age, male-to-female ratio, and seroprevalence of AMA positivity were similar between the 2 groups.<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    Conclusion:\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>Liver disease severity at clinical presentation is higher among non-Caucasians than Caucasians with PBC, and this cannot be explained by demographic or serologic features alone. Possible mechanisms underlying this health discrepancy are not clear, but increased awareness of PBC as a cause of chronic cholestatic liver disease is critical in evaluating non-Caucasian patients in the United States. (Hepatology 2007.)<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,25]],"date-time":"2007-07-25T23:17:14Z","timestamp":1185405434000},"page":"769-775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Marion G.","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Di Bisceglie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris V.","family":"Kowdley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Flye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velimir A.","family":"Luketic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago J.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Garcia-Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bonacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(01)00148-6","article-title":"Longterm prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in Japan and analysis of the factors of stage progression in asymptomatic PBC (aPBC).","volume":"22","author":"Nakano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"R2-21-20241201","first-page":"906","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in an European countrya description of death rates in the Netherlands (19791992).","volume":"43","author":"van Dam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"R3-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20897","article-title":"Methotrexate (MTX) plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis.","volume":"42","author":"Combes","year":"2005","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R4-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20907","article-title":"Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interviewbased study of 1032 patients.","volume":"42","author":"Gershwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R5-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29760","article-title":"The geographical distribution of primary biliary cirrhosis in a welldefined cohort.","volume":"34","author":"Prince","year":"2001","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R6-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20197","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis in a US community.","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R7-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709025067","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis in the Netherlands. An analysis of associated diseases, cardiovascular risk, and malignancies on the basis of mortality figures.","volume":"32","author":"van Dam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R8-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.029","article-title":"Excellent longterm survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid.","volume":"130","author":"Pares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R9-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.20240","article-title":"The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cirrhosis.","volume":"32","author":"Corpechot","year":"2000","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R10-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06043.x","article-title":"Results of longterm ursodiol treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.","volume":"97","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R11-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.080317","article-title":"Four year follow up of fatigue in a geographically defined primary biliary cirrhosis patient cohort.","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R12-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.50007.x","article-title":"A retrospective study on clinical features and prognostic factors of biopsyproven primary biliary cirrhosis in Chinese patients.","volume":"100","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R13-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/203028","article-title":"Characteristics of primary biliary cirrhosis in British Columbias First Nations population.","volume":"19","author":"Arbour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R14-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.15.24","article-title":"A crosssectional study of primary biliary cirrhosis in Japan: utilization of clinical data when patients applied to receive public financial aid.","volume":"15","author":"Sakauchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R15-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.064","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis in Victoria, Australia: high prevalence in migrant populations.","volume":"127","author":"Sood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R16-21-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05272.x","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in African Americans: presenting features and response to therapy.","volume":"96","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.21759","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200709000-00021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T13:07:08Z","timestamp":1733058428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200709000-00021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21759","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}