{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:17:32Z","timestamp":1791040652094,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2314,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The existence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins encoded by alternate reading frames overlapping the core-encoding region has been suggested. Several mechanisms of production have been postulated, and the functions of these proteins in the HCV life cycle remain unknown. We analyzed cases of seroconversion to an alternate reading frame protein in a group of 17 patients infected by one of the two HCV genotype 1b strains during an outbreak in a hemodialysis unit. Three patients seroconverted, and antibodies were transiently detected in another patient. Three of these patients were infected by one of the two HCV strains, whereas the strain infecting the remaining patient could not be identified. Quasispecies sequence analysis of the core-coding region showed no differences in the core or +1 reading frame sequences that could explain alternate reading frame protein seroconversion in some but not all of the patients infected by one of the HCV strains, and no such difference was found between the two strains. Because differences in the structure of RNA elements could play a role in frameshift events, we conducted a predictive analysis of RNA folding. No difference was found between the patients who did and did not seroconvert to alternate reading frame protein. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Our findings prove that alternate reading frame proteins can be produced during acute HCV infection. However, seroconversion does not occur in all patients for unknown reasons. Alternate reading frame protein could be generated by minority quasispecies variants or variants that occur transiently. (Hepatology 2009.)<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]],"date-time":"2009-01-06T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1231216022000},"page":"1449-1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Seroconversion to hepatitis C virus alternate reading frame protein during acute infection #"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yoann","family":"Morice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Ratinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Miladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Chevaliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Germanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syria","family":"Laperche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Lavergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Pawlotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1645","article-title":"Replication of hepatitis C virus.","volume":"5","author":"Moradpour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.116","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus life cycle as a target for new antiviral therapies.","volume":"132","author":"Pawlotsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R3-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838201010111","article-title":"Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping reading frame.","volume":"7","author":"Walewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"R4-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80510-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus F protein sequence reveals a lack of functional constraints and a variable pattern of amino acid substitution.","volume":"86","author":"Cristina","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R5-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.14.3840","article-title":"Synthesis of a novel hepatitis C virus protein by ribosomal frameshift.","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"R6-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864786","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus alternate reading frame (ARF) and its family of novel products: the alternate reading frame proteinFprotein, the doubleframeshift protein, and others.","volume":"25","author":"Branch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R7-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.5.1489-1497.2003","article-title":"Triple decoding of hepatitis C virus RNA by programmed translational frameshifting.","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"R8-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45785","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307174200","article-title":"Unusual multiple recoding events leading to alternative forms of hepatitis C virus core protein from genotype 1b.","volume":"278","author":"Boulant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R9-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki292","article-title":"Translation of the F protein of hepatitis C virus is initiated at a nonAUG codon in a 1 reading frame relative to the polyprotein.","volume":"33","author":"Baril","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R10-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40503","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305504200","article-title":"Two alternative translation mechanisms are responsible for the expression of the HCV ARFPFcore1 coding open reading frame.","volume":"278","author":"Vassilaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R11-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19065-0","article-title":"Characterization of the expression of the hepatitis C virus F protein.","volume":"84","author":"Roussel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R12-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10460","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10460-10469.2004","article-title":"Memory Tcellmediated immune responses specific to an alternative core protein in hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"78","author":"Bain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R13-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20406","article-title":"Antigenic relevance of F protein in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"40","author":"KomurianPradel","year":"2004","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R14-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82575-0","article-title":"Expression of the alternative reading frame protein of hepatitis C virus induces cytokines involved in hepatic injuries.","volume":"88","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R15-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.110","article-title":"Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line.","volume":"285","author":"Lohmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R16-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6023-6034.2005","article-title":"Human serum facilitates hepatitis C virus infection, and neutralizing responses inversely correlate with viral replication kinetics at the acute phase of hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"79","author":"Lavillette","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R17-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838202029023","article-title":"Mutation Master: profiles of substitutions in hepatitis C virus RNA of the core, alternate reading frame, and NS2 coding regions.","volume":"8","author":"Walewski","year":"2002","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"R18-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positionspecific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R19-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl970","article-title":"euHCVdb: the European hepatitis C virus database.","volume":"35","author":"Combet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R20-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg599","article-title":"Vienna RNA secondary structure server.","volume":"31","author":"Hofacker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R21-8-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201722200","article-title":"Alternate translation occurs within the core coding region of the hepatitis C viral genome.","volume":"277","author":"Varaklioti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.22821","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200905000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1733060624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200905000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22821","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}