{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:03:43Z","timestamp":1783958623431,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2161,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>More than 750 million people are at risk of infection with foodborne liver flukes.<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>is considered among the most important of these parasites, due to its strong association with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>infection results in a chronic inflammatory challenge to the host, which can lead to advanced, pathogen-specific disease sequelae including obstructive jaundice, hepatomegaly, cholecystitis, as well as CCA. However, before disease sequelae are apparent, important inflammatory changes to the liver can be detected early during<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>infection. In a case-control study involving 328 men and women with<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>infection, we determined the presence of advanced periductal fibrosis in asymptomatic,<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      -\n                      <jats:bold>infected individuals and then measured cytokine responses to<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>excretory\/secretory products (ES). In the 200 participants with advanced periductal fibrosis (cases), levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>ES were 8 times higher than levels of the 128<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>-infected individuals without advanced periductal fibrosis (controls). Moreover, elevated IL-6 to parasite ES was associated with increased risk of advanced periductal fibrosis by 63% in a model adjusted for sex and age. The risk of advanced periductal fibrosis was also found to increase with higher levels of IL-6: individuals in the third quartile of IL-6-ES production had a 127% higher risk of developing advanced periductal fibrosis than individuals in the first quartile of IL-6 production.<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>O. viverrini<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>-infected individuals with advanced periductal fibrosis showed other hepatobiliary abnormalities, including reduced gallbladder contractility and the presence of gallbladder sludge.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>These data strongly implicate a role for parasite-specific IL-6 in the pathogenesis of advanced periductal fibrosis in opisthorchiasis, with possible links to other hepatobiliary abnormalities, including CCA. (Hepatology 2009.)<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,19]],"date-time":"2009-06-19T10:59:55Z","timestamp":1245409195000},"page":"1273-1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Advanced Periductal Fibrosis from Infection with the Carcinogenic Human Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini Correlates with Elevated Levels of Interleukin-6\u2020 \u2021"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Banchob","family":"Sripa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eimorn","family":"Mairiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandit","family":"Thinkhamrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thewarach","family":"Laha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasithorn","family":"Kaewkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paiboon","family":"Sithithaworn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smarn","family":"Tessana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-34-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050614","article-title":"Emerging foodborne trematodiasis.","volume":"11","author":"Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2-34-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"118","author":"Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R4-34-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.08.002","article-title":"Pathobiology of opisthorchiasis: an update.","volume":"88","author":"Sripa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R5-34-20241201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. 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