{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:46:32Z","timestamp":1792431992818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":1187,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>We used concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury to study the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the induction of inflammatory pathology and hepatocellular damage. We tested susceptibility to Con A\u2013induced hepatitis in galectin-3-deficient (Gal-3\u2212\/\u2212) mice and analyzed the effects of pretreatment with a selective inhibitor of Gal-3 (TD139) in wild-type (WT) C57BL\/6 mice, as evaluated by a liver enzyme test, quantitative histology, mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration, cytokine production, intracellular staining of immune cells, and percentage of apoptotic MNCs in the liver. Gal-3\u2212\/\u2212 mice were less sensitive to Con A\u2013induced hepatitis and had a significantly lower number of activated lymphoid and dendritic cells (DCs) in the liver. The level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1), interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3), and interleukin (IL)-17 and -4 in the sera and the number of TNF\u03b1-, IFN\u03b3-, and IL-17- and -4-producing cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ cells as well as IL-12-producing CD11c+ DCs were lower, whereas the number of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells and F4\/80+ macrophages were significantly higher in livers of Gal-3\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Significantly higher percentages of late apoptotic Annexin V+ propidium-idodide+ liver-infiltrating MNCs and splenocytes were observed in Gal-3\u2212\/\u2212 mice, compared to WT mice. Pretreatment of WT C57BL\/6 mice with TD139 led to the attenuation of liver injury and milder infiltration of IFN\u03b3- and IL-17- and -4-producing CD4+ T cells, as well as an increase in the total number of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells and F4\/80+ CD206+ alternatively activated macrophages and prevented the apoptosis of liver-infiltrating MNCs.<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Gal-3 plays an important proinflammatory role in Con A\u2013induced hepatitis by promoting the activation of T lymphocytes and natural killer T cells, maturation of DCs, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of M2 macrophage polarization, and apoptosis of MNCs in the liver.<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          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